ObjectiveTo quantify the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attributable to high temperature, low temperature, and non-optimal temperatures from 1990 to 2021 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data. MethodsWe analyzed global, regional, and national COPD mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high, low, and non-optimal temperatures. Joinpoint regression, age-period-cohort modeling, and Bayesian prediction models were employed. ResultsGlobally, age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) and DALY rates for COPD attributable to low temperature and non-optimal temperatures declined. However, the burden from high temperature increased. Low temperature consistently exerted a greater burden than high temperature across all metrics. Significant geographical disparities emerged: high-temperature mortality was highest in South Asia; low-temperature burden was most severe in East Asia; and high-income North America exhibited accelerated high-temperature mortality growth. The highest low-temperature burden occurred in middle-SDI regions, while high-temperature impacts predominated in low-middle-SDI regions. Age patterns showed rising high-temperature burden in the 15-39 age group and increasing low-temperature burden among adults aged ≥80 years. Bayesian projections revealed divergent gender trajectories: a continuing decline in low-temperature burden for males versus a decelerated decline for females (2020-2030). ConclusionLow temperature exposure remains the primary risk factor for COPD within non-optimal temperatures globally, although high-temperature impacts are increasing. Significant regional variations necessitate targeted interventions for three key populations: older adults vulnerable to cold, working-age adults with occupational heat exposure, and older women requiring rehabilitative support.