OBJCTIVE :To investigate the fundus ocu]i changes in hypnxie isehemic encepbalnpa ally(HIE)of new[x,rns. METHODS:One hundred and two newblt;~rns suffered from HIE were investi- gated to observe lhe pathological neular fundus changes by di~et ophthabnoseopy after mydria~s. RE- SULTS:Seventy seven ca.~s(154 eyes)were found to have ophthalmoscopic changes in the ~ular fundi including papilledema .white retina vaseolar abnormality and hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS:In clinical view .the severity of HIE depends on the pathological ebanges of the brain .and ftmdus ahnormalby will be very often in middle and .~vere sufforers of HIE.
Patients with brain metastases are more prone to developing life-threatening neurological symptoms. Initial therapies include surgery, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), and stereotactic radiotherapy. With the progress of stereotactic radiotherapy, the indication of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is gradually expanding, and the indications for surgery and WBRT gradually narrowed. The existing studies have shown that SRS can significantly benefit patients who are <50 years old with single brain metastasis, but the specific scope of the application with SRS is still controversial, and a large number of the phase Ⅲ randomized multicenter trials designed around the controversies are also developing. This review summarizes the results of clinical research and came to the conclusion. Firstly, postoperative adjuvant SRS in the treatment of brain metastases is superior to postoperative adjuvant WBRT. Secondly, using SRS in the elderly patients with multiple brain metastases are safe and effective. Thirdly, the use of targeted therapy in patients with brain metastases thereby delaying SRS may lead to poor prognosis. The focus of future research include selection of optimal timing for adjuvant targeted therapy after SRS and the appropriate patient population, as well as prevention of recurrence and metastasis after lacal treatment.
In recent years, exploring the physiological and pathological mechanisms of brain functional integration from the neural network level has become one of the focuses of neuroscience research. Due to the non-stationary and nonlinear characteristics of neural signals, its linear characteristics are not sufficient to fully explain the potential neurophysiological activity mechanism in the implementation of complex brain functions. In order to overcome the limitation that the linear algorithm cannot effectively analyze the nonlinear characteristics of signals, researchers proposed the transfer entropy (TE) algorithm. In recent years, with the introduction of the concept of brain functional network, TE has been continuously optimized as a powerful tool for nonlinear time series multivariate analysis. This paper first introduces the principle of TE algorithm and the research progress of related improved algorithms, discusses and compares their respective characteristics, and then summarizes the application of TE algorithm in the field of electrophysiological signal analysis. Finally, combined with the research progress in recent years, the existing problems of TE are discussed, and the future development direction is prospected.
High-frequency steady-state asymmetric visual evoked potential (SSaVEP) provides a new paradigm for designing comfortable and practical brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. However, due to the weak amplitude and strong noise of high-frequency signals, it is of great significance to study how to enhance their signal features. In this study, a 30 Hz high-frequency visual stimulus was used, and the peripheral visual field was equally divided into eight annular sectors. Eight kinds of annular sector pairs were selected based on the mapping relationship of visual space onto the primary visual cortex (V1), and three phases (in-phase[0o, 0o], anti-phase [0o, 180o], and anti-phase [180o, 0o]) were designed for each annular sector pair to explore response intensity and signal-to-noise ratio under phase modulation. A total of 8 healthy subjects were recruited in the experiment. The results showed that three annular sector pairs exhibited significant differences in SSaVEP features under phase modulation at 30 Hz high-frequency stimulation. And the spatial feature analysis showed that the two types of features of the annular sector pair in the lower visual field were significantly higher than those in the upper visual field. This study further used the filter bank and ensemble task-related component analysis to calculate the classification accuracy of annular sector pairs under three-phase modulations, and the average accuracy was up to 91.5%, which proved that the phase-modulated SSaVEP features could be used to encode high- frequency SSaVEP. In summary, the results of this study provide new ideas for enhancing the features of high-frequency SSaVEP signals and expanding the instruction set of the traditional steady state visual evoked potential paradigm.
Fifteen rabbits were given a second degree scald on the back, then a large amount of fluid were given rapidly. In this way an acute diluted hyponatremia and a brain edema model were produced. In one group, the magnetotherapy was instituted immediately following the acut injury, while in the other group, it was started after the brain edema being developed. After giving a large quantity of fluid, the Na~+, CI~-, and K~+ concentrations in the blood were decreased and the quantity of water in the brain tissue was increased evidentely. The phenomena of neuron edema and widening of the perivascular space were also found. It was proved that the model of experimental brain edema could be produced on animals and the treatment and the prevention for brain edema could be obtained to advantage to certaiin degree. Also,it was better to use the magnetotherapy in brain edema as early as possidle.
Objective To investigate development and perspectives of brain death donation and transplantation. Methods The related literatures about the research of brain dead donors were reviewed. Results Brain death effects hemodynamic stability， hormonal changes， neuroimmunologic effects，and unleashes a cascade of inflammatory events， which may affect quality of graft， graft survival， and patient outcome. Moreover， the exact mechanism linked to brain death is incompletely understood. Conclusions The pathological physiology changes of brain dead donors has important impact on graft outcomes. However， subsequent work remains to be done.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the monitoring value of brain injury biomarkers in the patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMbase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, and CBM from inception of each database to May 2015 to identify randomized controlled trials, or case-control trials, or cohort trials of brain injury biomarkers predict brain injury during ECMO. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 12.0 software. ResultsFour retrospective trials were included. The results showed that compared with patients without brain injury, the patients with brain injury had a higher level of S100B protein (P < 0.05). The incidence of major neurological events was higher for high neuron-specific enolase level patients than mild-to-moderate neuron-specific enolase level patients (85% vs. 29%, P=0.01). The incidence of brain injury was higher for normal glial fibrillary acidic protein level than patients with glial fibrillary acidic protein > 0.436 ng/ml (OR=11.5, 95%CI 1.3-98.3). ConclusionsBrain injury biomarkers may be used as an indicator for earlier diagnosis of brain injury in patients during ECMO.
The cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common craniofacial malformations in humans. We collected functional magnetic resonance data of 23 CLP patients before rehabilitation training (Bclp) and 23 CLP patients after rehabilitation training (Aclp), who were performing Chinese character pronunciation tasks, and performed brain activation analysis to explore the changes of brain mechanism in CLP patients after articulation disorder rehabilitation training. The study found that Aclp group had significant activation in the motor cortex, Broca area, Wernicke area and cerebellum. While the Bclp group had weak activation in the motor cortex with a small activation range. By comparing the differences and co-activated brain regions between the two groups, we found that rehabilitation training increased the activity level of negatively activated brain areas (cerebellum, left motor area, Wernicke area, etc.) to a positive level. At the same time, the activity level of weakly activated brain areas (right motor area, Broca area, etc.) was also increased. Rehabilitation training promoted the activity level of articulation-related brain regions. So that the activation intensity of articulation-related brain regions can be used as a quantifiable objective evaluation index to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation training, which is of great significance for the formulation of rehabilitation training programs.
【摘要】 目的 探討顱腦損傷(BI)死亡的法醫病理學特點,以及繼發性腦干損傷、并發癥的發生與死亡之間的因果關系。方法 從性別、年齡、致傷方式、損傷類型、生存時間、死亡原因等方面,對四川大學華西法醫學鑒定中心1998年1月-2008年12月127例BI死亡尸檢案例進行回顧性統計研究分析。結果 127例法醫病理學檢案中,原發性BI死亡51例(402%),繼發性腦干損傷死亡61例(480%),并發癥死亡15例(118%),其中傷后12 h內死亡者直接死因均為嚴重原發性腦損傷,存活12 h～1周者直接死因以繼發性腦干損傷居多,生存時間超過1周者約半數死于并發癥。結論 在BI案例的死亡原因確定時,應在全面系統的病理學檢驗基礎上,結合案情及臨床資料進行綜合分析。【Abstract】 Objective To explore the characteristics of forensic pathology in traumatic brain injury and the relationships between secondary brainstem damage, complications and the causes of death. Methods 127 cases were reviewed from gender, age, manner of injury, survival time and the direct causes of death from January 1998 to December 2008. Results Of the 127 cases, the key direct cause of death was secondary brainstem damage, followed by severe primarily brain injury and complications. For those who died within 12 hours after injury, the direct cause was severe primarily brain injury; for those who survived between 12 hours to one week, secondary brainstem damage was in the majority of the causes and for those who survive more than one week time, complication was an important cause. Conclusion In the cases of traumatic brain injury, we should take comprehensive and systematic examination of forensic pathology, and refer to clinical data at the same time to determine the direct cause of death.
Objective To summarize the clinical experience of harvesting the lung of a brain death donor by international standardized methods, so as to establ ish a set of standards and regulations appl icable for harvesting the lung of brain-death donors in China. Methods The operation was performed on 1 brain-death donor who had endured 50 hours of mechanical ventilation. The donor was assessed by donor lung function test and international brain death standard. Then the organ was perfused and trimmed ready for lung transplantation. Results We succeeded in harvesting the heart, lung, liver, kidney and cornea from this brain-death voluntary donor. The harvested lung was successfully transplanted into a recipient. And the recipient recovered well after operation. Conclusion The successful experience of harvesting the lung of the brain-death voluntary donor will contribute to the development and promotion of the utilization of brain-death donor suppl ies.