Sleeve gastrectomy (SG), as the most commonly used weight-loss procedure, not only reduces body weight but also significantly improves obesity-related diseases. This article reviews the research progress of SG for obesity-related diseases, with a focus on analyzing its therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms for conditions such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Additionally, it discusses the issue of weight regain and long-term efficacy after SG, aiming to provide clinicians and researchers with references for the comprehensive treatment of obesity and related diseases through SG.