Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely applied in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary diseases with the development of data storage, image processing, pattern recognition and machine learning technologies. Based on the massive biomedical big data of imaging and histopathology, many urinary system diseases (such as urinary tumor, urological calculi, urinary infection, voiding dysfunction and erectile dysfunction) will be diagnosed more accurately and will be treated more individualizedly. However, most of the current AI diagnosis and treatment are in the pre-clinical research stage, and there are still some difficulties in the wide application of AI. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances of AI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, urological calculi, frequent micturition and erectile dysfunction, and discusses the future potential and existing problems.
Autophagy is a lysosome dependent, conservative material degradation process, which exists in all eukaryotic cells and plays import roles in many pathophysiology process. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common male disease with multiple etiology. In recent years, more and more evidences have demonstrated that autophagy has a close relation to ED, therefore, we combine previous study to classify ED by hypoxia, aging, diabetes and other causes, and review the advances of autophagy in ED.
Small penis syndrome is a disease caused by congenital or acquired factors. In clinical practice, a considerable number of men are dissatisfied with their penis size, leading to a persistent need to increase penis size. However, existing therapies (including psychological interventions, medication, and surgical procedures) have limited efficacy and often come with significant side effects. The vacuum erection device, as a non-invasive treatment method, has a positive effect on preventing penile shortening after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer and penile elongation in rats during puberty and adulthood. The purpose of this article is to systematically explain the impact of vacuum erection device on penis size, in order to provide references for clinical practice.