如何閱讀系統評價_《中國循證醫學雜志》

作者：

1. 四川大學華西醫院循證醫學與臨床流行病學教研室（成都 610041）；2. 四川大學華西臨床醫學院（成都 610041）；3. 四川大學外國語學院（成都 610065）;

關鍵詞：

系統評價文獻閱讀循證醫學

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20090178

視頻：

導出 下載 收藏 掃碼 引用

摘要 全文 圖表 視頻 參考文獻 施引文獻 補充材料

目的　介紹系統評價的閱讀方法。
方法　全面檢索當前有關閱讀與評價醫學文獻的論文、專著，總結歸納出指導閱讀系統評價的一般原則和方法。
結果　以下十個要點有助于科學、快速、高效閱讀系統評價：①是否有同類評價？②是否屬最新更新？③是否整合了之前相關的系統評價？④是否制定和實施了完善的檢索策略？⑤是否對原始研究進行了質量評價？⑥是否對原始研究結果進行了適當合并？⑦是否對其自身局限性或不足予以說明？⑧是否提出了下一階段需要解決的問題？⑨是否充分報告了摘要和全文？⑩是否能夠用于解決實際問題？本文還從對系統評價利用的角度，將讀者分為四個人群：衛生政策制定者、衛生保健提供者、研究人員、患者及普通用戶。
結論　應重視對系統評價的閱讀，以便更好的指導決策，推動循證實踐。

引用本文： 陳耀龍,王夢書,張文娟,劉婷蘭,王紫薇,趙宇,赫萬佳,伍媛媛,張玉婷,李幼平. 如何閱讀系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2009, 09(9): 1010-1017. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20090178 復制

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8.	McKibbon KA, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. What do evidence-based secondary journals tell us about the publication of clinically important articles in primary healthcare journals? BMC Med, 2004, 2: 33.
9.	陳耀龍, 艾昌林, 李幼平. “循證”冠名的醫學期刊比較研究. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2007, 7(4): 289-295.
10.	Sackett DL, Haynes RB. 13 steps, 100 people, and 1 000 000 thanks [Editorial]. ACP J Club, 1997, 127: A14.
11.	Trisha Greenhalgh. How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence- Based Medicine. 3 edition. 2006. 114-134.
12.	Unknown. Available from http://www.systematic-reviews.com. Available .Accessed on 2009-3-15.
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15.	Russell K, Kiddoo D. The Cochrane Library and nocturnal enuresis: an umbrella review. Evid-Based Child Health, 2006, 1: 5-8.
16.	Unknown. Available from http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/ conditions/chd/0305/0305.jsp.Accessed on 2009-3-15.
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19.	Shojania KG, Sampson M, Ansari MT, et al. How quickly do systematic reviews go out of date? A survival analysis. Ann Intern Med, 2007,147:224-233.
20.	Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/ adultandadolescentgl.pdf on 1 December 2008.
21.	LeLorier J, Grégoire G, Benhaddad A, et al. Discrepancies between meta-analyses and subsequent large randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med, 1997, 337(8): 536-542.
22.	Yusuf S, Teo K, Woods K. Intravenous magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. An effective, safe, simple, and inexpensive intervention. Circulation, 1993, 87(6): 2043-2046.
23.	ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet, 1995, 345(8951): 669-685.
24.	Moher D, Tsertsvadze A. Systematic reviews: when is an update an update? Lancet, 2006, 367: 881-883.
25.	Moher D, Tsertsvadze A, Tricco A, et al. When and how to update systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: MR000023. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000023. pub3.
26.	Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Chou R, et al. Using existing systematic reviews in complex systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 2008, 148: 776-782.
27.	Dickersin K, Scherer R, Lefebvre C. Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. BMJ, 1994, 309: 1286-1291.
28.	Mallett S, Hopewell S, Clarke M. Grey literature in systematic reviews: The first 1000 Cochrane systematic reviews. Fourth Symposium on Systematic Reviews: Pushing the Boundaries, Oxford (UK), 2002.
29.	Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, et al. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. quality of reporting of meta-analyses. Lancet, 1999, 354(9193): 1896-1900.
30.	Smith ML. Publication bias and meta-analysis. Eval Educ,1980, 4: 22-24.
31.	McAuley L, Moher D, Tugwell P. The influence of grey literature on meta-analysis. MSc Thesis: University of Ottawa, 1999.
32.	Moher D, Pham B, Klassen TP, et al. Does the language of publication of reports of randomized trials influence the estimates of intervention effectiveness reported in meta-analyses? 6th Cochrane Colloquium; 1998.
33.	Grégoire G, Derderian F, Le Lorier J. Selecting the language of the publications included in a meta-analysis: is there a Tower of Babel bias? J Clin Epidemiol, 1995, 48(1): 159-163.
34.	Moher D, Fortin P, Jadad AR, et al. Completeness of reporting of trials published in languages other than English: implications for conduct and reporting of systematic reviews. Lancet, 1996, 347: 363-366.
35.	Egger M, Zellweger-Z?hner T, Schneider M, et al. Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German. Lancet, 1997, 350: 326-359.
36.	Moher D, Jadad AR, Nichol G, et al. Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. Control Clin Trials, 1995, 16(1): 62-73.
37.	李靜, 李幼平. 不斷完善與發展的Cochrane系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2008, 8(9): 742-743.
38.	孫玉亮, 趙今, 吳泰相等. 口腔扁平苔蘚治療的系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2009, 9(3): 323-330.
39.	Bero L, Rennie D. The Cochrane Collaboration: preparing, maintaining, and disseminating systematic reviews of the effects of health care. J Am Med Ass, 1995, 274(24): 1935-1938.
40.	Sacks HS, Berrier J, Reitman D, et al. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med, 1987, 316: 450-455.
41.	Sacks HS, Reitman D, Pagano D, et al. Meta-analysis: an update. Mt Sinai J Med, 1996; 63: 216-224.
42.	Unknown. Available from: http://group.bmj.com/products/evidencecentre/ evidence-based-medicine-resources/20-10-08.pdf/view. Accessed on 2009-4-5.
43.	Hopewell S, Clarke M, Moher D, et al. CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med, 5(1): e20.
44.	Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, 等. 衛生保健項目經濟學評估方法. 第3版. 李士雪, 主譯. 北京:人民衛生出版社. 2008. 320.
45.	Swingler GH, Volmink J, Ioannidis JP. Number of published systematic reviews and global burden of disease: database analysis. BMJ, 2003, 327(7423): 1083-1084.
46.	Waters E, Doyle J. Systematic reviews of public health in developing countries are in train. BMJ, 2004, 328(7439): 585.
47.	Chinnock P, Siegfried N, Clarke M. Is evidence-based medicine relevant to the developing world? PLoS Med, 2005, 2(5): e107.
48.	West S, King V, Carey TS, et al. Systems to Rate the Strength of Scientific Evidence. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.
49.	(Prepared by the Research Triangle Institute–University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-97-0011). AHRQ Publication No. 02-E016. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. April 2002.
50.	Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. Validation of an index of the quality of review articles. J Clin Epidemiol, 1991, 44: 1271-1278.
51.	Oxman AD, Guyatt GH, Singer J, et al. Agreement among reviewers of review articles. J Clin Epidemiol, 1991, 44: 91-98.
52.	Irwig L, Tosteson AN, Gatsonis C, et al. Guidelines for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med, 1994, 120: 667-676.
53.	Sacks HS, Reitman D, Pagano D, et al. Meta-analysis: an update. Mt Sinai J Med, 1996, 63: 216-224.
54.	Auperin A, Pignon JP, Poynard T. Review article: critical review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials in hepatogastroenterology. Alimentary Pharmacol Ther, 1997, 11: 215-225.
55.	Beck CT. Use of meta-analysis as a teaching strategy in nursing research courses. J Nurs Educ, 1997, 36: 87-90.
56.	Smith AF. An analysis of review articles published in four anaesthesia journals. Can J Anaesth, 1997, 44: 405-409.
57.	Barnes DE, Bero LA. Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions. JAMA, 1998, 279: 1566-1570.
58.	Clarke M, Oxman AD. Cochrane Reviewer’s Handbook 4.0. The Cochrane Collaboration; 1999.
59.	Khan KS, Ter Riet G, Glanville J, et al. Undertaking Systematic Reviews of Research on Effectiveness. CRD’s Guidance for Carrying Out or Commissioning Reviews: York, England: University of York, NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; 2000.
60.	New Zealand Guidelines Group. Tools for Guideline Development & Evaluation. http://www.nzgg.org.nz/.
61.	Harbour R, Miller J. A new system [Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)] for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ, 2001, 323: 334-336.
62.	Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB. Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126: 376-380.
63.	Hunt DL, McKibbon KA. Locating and appraising systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126: 532-538.
64.	McQuay HJ, Moore A. Using numerical results from systematic reviews in clinical practice. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126: 712-720.
65.	Badgett RG, O’Keefe M, Henderson MC. Using systematic reviews in clinical education. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126: 886-891.
66.	Bero LA, Jadad AR. How consumers and policymakers can use systematic reviews for decision making. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 37-42.
67.	Cook DJ, Greengold NL, Ellrodt AG, et al. The relation between systematic reviews in practice guidelines. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 210-216.
68.	Counsell C. Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 380-387.
69.	Meade MO, Richardson WS. Selecting and appraising studies for a systematic review. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 531-537.
70.	Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Schmid CH. Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 820-826.
71.	Cooper HM. Chief editor.The analysis and interpretation stage. In: The Integrative Research Review: A Systematic Approach. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 1984: 79-113.
72.	Bero LA, Jadad AR. How consumers and policymakers can use systematic reviews for decision making. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127(1):37-42.
73.	Mulrow C, Langhorne P, Grimshaw J. Integrating Heterogeneous Pieces of Evidence in Systematic Reviews. Ann Intern Med, 127(11): 989-995.
74.	Leeflang MM, Deeks JJ, Gatsonis C, et al. Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. Ann Intern Med, 2008, 149(12): 889-897.
75.	Hayden JA, C?té P, Bombardier C. Evaluation of the Quality of Prognosis Studies in Systematic Reviews. Ann Intern Med, 2006, 144(6): 427-437.

1. Unknown. Available from: http://www.ulrichsweb.com/ulrichsweb, accessed on 2009-03-15.
2. How to read clinical journals: I. why to read them and how to start reading them critically. Can Med Assoc J, 1981, 124(5): 555-558.
3. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, et al. Evidence-based medicine. How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Chrurchill Livingston, 1997, 1-60.
4. 陳耀龍, 杜亮, 何丹端,等. 《中國循證醫學雜志》作者閱讀習慣調查. 中國循證醫學雜, 2008, 5(5): 312-314.
5. Boseley S. News report. The Guardian, June 24, 1998.
6. 0000 articles or 120? Evid. Based Med, 2006, 11: 40.
7. Mike Wilson. Evidence-Based Medicine: would you rather read.
8. McKibbon KA, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. What do evidence-based secondary journals tell us about the publication of clinically important articles in primary healthcare journals? BMC Med, 2004, 2: 33.
9. 陳耀龍, 艾昌林, 李幼平. “循證”冠名的醫學期刊比較研究. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2007, 7(4): 289-295.
10. Sackett DL, Haynes RB. 13 steps, 100 people, and 1 000 000 thanks [Editorial]. ACP J Club, 1997, 127: A14.
11. Trisha Greenhalgh. How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence- Based Medicine. 3 edition. 2006. 114-134.
12. Unknown. Available from http://www.systematic-reviews.com. Available .Accessed on 2009-3-15.
13. Unknown. Available from http://www.unitedbiosource.comhttp:// www.systematic-reviews.com.Accessed on 2009-3-15.
14. Becker LA, Oxman AD. Chapter 22: Overviews of reviews. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Available from www. cochranehandbook.org.
15. Russell K, Kiddoo D. The Cochrane Library and nocturnal enuresis: an umbrella review. Evid-Based Child Health, 2006, 1: 5-8.
16. Unknown. Available from http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/ conditions/chd/0305/0305.jsp.Accessed on 2009-3-15.
17. Unknown. Available from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112100413/home,Accessed on 2009-3-15.
18. Moher D, Tetzlaff J, Tricco AC, et al. Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. PLoS Med, 2007, 4(3): e78.
19. Shojania KG, Sampson M, Ansari MT, et al. How quickly do systematic reviews go out of date? A survival analysis. Ann Intern Med, 2007,147:224-233.
20. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/ adultandadolescentgl.pdf on 1 December 2008.
21. LeLorier J, Grégoire G, Benhaddad A, et al. Discrepancies between meta-analyses and subsequent large randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med, 1997, 337(8): 536-542.
22. Yusuf S, Teo K, Woods K. Intravenous magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. An effective, safe, simple, and inexpensive intervention. Circulation, 1993, 87(6): 2043-2046.
23. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet, 1995, 345(8951): 669-685.
24. Moher D, Tsertsvadze A. Systematic reviews: when is an update an update? Lancet, 2006, 367: 881-883.
25. Moher D, Tsertsvadze A, Tricco A, et al. When and how to update systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: MR000023. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000023. pub3.
26. Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Chou R, et al. Using existing systematic reviews in complex systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 2008, 148: 776-782.
27. Dickersin K, Scherer R, Lefebvre C. Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. BMJ, 1994, 309: 1286-1291.
28. Mallett S, Hopewell S, Clarke M. Grey literature in systematic reviews: The first 1000 Cochrane systematic reviews. Fourth Symposium on Systematic Reviews: Pushing the Boundaries, Oxford (UK), 2002.
29. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, et al. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. quality of reporting of meta-analyses. Lancet, 1999, 354(9193): 1896-1900.
30. Smith ML. Publication bias and meta-analysis. Eval Educ,1980, 4: 22-24.
31. McAuley L, Moher D, Tugwell P. The influence of grey literature on meta-analysis. MSc Thesis: University of Ottawa, 1999.
32. Moher D, Pham B, Klassen TP, et al. Does the language of publication of reports of randomized trials influence the estimates of intervention effectiveness reported in meta-analyses? 6th Cochrane Colloquium; 1998.
33. Grégoire G, Derderian F, Le Lorier J. Selecting the language of the publications included in a meta-analysis: is there a Tower of Babel bias? J Clin Epidemiol, 1995, 48(1): 159-163.
34. Moher D, Fortin P, Jadad AR, et al. Completeness of reporting of trials published in languages other than English: implications for conduct and reporting of systematic reviews. Lancet, 1996, 347: 363-366.
35. Egger M, Zellweger-Z?hner T, Schneider M, et al. Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German. Lancet, 1997, 350: 326-359.
36. Moher D, Jadad AR, Nichol G, et al. Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. Control Clin Trials, 1995, 16(1): 62-73.
37. 李靜, 李幼平. 不斷完善與發展的Cochrane系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2008, 8(9): 742-743.
38. 孫玉亮, 趙今, 吳泰相等. 口腔扁平苔蘚治療的系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2009, 9(3): 323-330.
39. Bero L, Rennie D. The Cochrane Collaboration: preparing, maintaining, and disseminating systematic reviews of the effects of health care. J Am Med Ass, 1995, 274(24): 1935-1938.
40. Sacks HS, Berrier J, Reitman D, et al. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med, 1987, 316: 450-455.
41. Sacks HS, Reitman D, Pagano D, et al. Meta-analysis: an update. Mt Sinai J Med, 1996; 63: 216-224.
42. Unknown. Available from: http://group.bmj.com/products/evidencecentre/ evidence-based-medicine-resources/20-10-08.pdf/view. Accessed on 2009-4-5.
43. Hopewell S, Clarke M, Moher D, et al. CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med, 5(1): e20.
44. Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, 等. 衛生保健項目經濟學評估方法. 第3版. 李士雪, 主譯. 北京:人民衛生出版社. 2008. 320.
45. Swingler GH, Volmink J, Ioannidis JP. Number of published systematic reviews and global burden of disease: database analysis. BMJ, 2003, 327(7423): 1083-1084.
46. Waters E, Doyle J. Systematic reviews of public health in developing countries are in train. BMJ, 2004, 328(7439): 585.
47. Chinnock P, Siegfried N, Clarke M. Is evidence-based medicine relevant to the developing world? PLoS Med, 2005, 2(5): e107.
48. West S, King V, Carey TS, et al. Systems to Rate the Strength of Scientific Evidence. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.
49. (Prepared by the Research Triangle Institute–University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-97-0011). AHRQ Publication No. 02-E016. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. April 2002.
50. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. Validation of an index of the quality of review articles. J Clin Epidemiol, 1991, 44: 1271-1278.
51. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH, Singer J, et al. Agreement among reviewers of review articles. J Clin Epidemiol, 1991, 44: 91-98.
52. Irwig L, Tosteson AN, Gatsonis C, et al. Guidelines for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med, 1994, 120: 667-676.
53. Sacks HS, Reitman D, Pagano D, et al. Meta-analysis: an update. Mt Sinai J Med, 1996, 63: 216-224.
54. Auperin A, Pignon JP, Poynard T. Review article: critical review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials in hepatogastroenterology. Alimentary Pharmacol Ther, 1997, 11: 215-225.
55. Beck CT. Use of meta-analysis as a teaching strategy in nursing research courses. J Nurs Educ, 1997, 36: 87-90.
56. Smith AF. An analysis of review articles published in four anaesthesia journals. Can J Anaesth, 1997, 44: 405-409.
57. Barnes DE, Bero LA. Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions. JAMA, 1998, 279: 1566-1570.
58. Clarke M, Oxman AD. Cochrane Reviewer’s Handbook 4.0. The Cochrane Collaboration; 1999.
59. Khan KS, Ter Riet G, Glanville J, et al. Undertaking Systematic Reviews of Research on Effectiveness. CRD’s Guidance for Carrying Out or Commissioning Reviews: York, England: University of York, NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; 2000.
60. New Zealand Guidelines Group. Tools for Guideline Development & Evaluation. http://www.nzgg.org.nz/.
61. Harbour R, Miller J. A new system [Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)] for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ, 2001, 323: 334-336.
62. Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB. Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126: 376-380.
63. Hunt DL, McKibbon KA. Locating and appraising systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126: 532-538.
64. McQuay HJ, Moore A. Using numerical results from systematic reviews in clinical practice. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126: 712-720.
65. Badgett RG, O’Keefe M, Henderson MC. Using systematic reviews in clinical education. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126: 886-891.
66. Bero LA, Jadad AR. How consumers and policymakers can use systematic reviews for decision making. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 37-42.
67. Cook DJ, Greengold NL, Ellrodt AG, et al. The relation between systematic reviews in practice guidelines. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 210-216.
68. Counsell C. Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 380-387.
69. Meade MO, Richardson WS. Selecting and appraising studies for a systematic review. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 531-537.
70. Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Schmid CH. Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127: 820-826.
71. Cooper HM. Chief editor.The analysis and interpretation stage. In: The Integrative Research Review: A Systematic Approach. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 1984: 79-113.
72. Bero LA, Jadad AR. How consumers and policymakers can use systematic reviews for decision making. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 127(1):37-42.
73. Mulrow C, Langhorne P, Grimshaw J. Integrating Heterogeneous Pieces of Evidence in Systematic Reviews. Ann Intern Med, 127(11): 989-995.
74. Leeflang MM, Deeks JJ, Gatsonis C, et al. Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. Ann Intern Med, 2008, 149(12): 889-897.
75. Hayden JA, C?té P, Bombardier C. Evaluation of the Quality of Prognosis Studies in Systematic Reviews. Ann Intern Med, 2006, 144(6): 427-437.

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如何閱讀系統評價

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摘要全文圖表視頻參考文獻施引文獻補充材料