支氣管擴張-慢性阻塞性肺疾病重疊綜合征的病理生理機制與治療進展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

李佳微 , 韓睿 , 陳進 ,  劉碧翠

重慶醫科大學附屬璧山醫院（重慶 402760）;

Corresponding?author：

劉碧翠, Email: liuyuan2469@163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202601078

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Citation： 李佳微, 韓睿, 陳進, 劉碧翠. 支氣管擴張-慢性阻塞性肺疾病重疊綜合征的病理生理機制與治療進展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2026, 25(5): 363-370. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202601078 Copy

1.	GOLD. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2025[EB/OL]. [2024-12-16]. https://goldcopd.org/2025-gold-report/.
2.	Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2019, 394(10204): 1145-1158.
3.	Nigro M, Laska IF, Traversi L, et al. Epidemiology of bronchiectasis. Eur Respir Rev, 2024, 33(174): 240091.
4.	Aliberti S, Goeminne PC, O'Donnell AE, et al. Criteria and definitions for the radiological and clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis in adults for use in clinical trials: international consensus recommendations. Lancet Respir Med, 2022, 10(3): 298-306.
5.	Traversi L, Miravitlles M, Martinez-Garcia MA, et al. ROSE: radiology, obstruction, symptoms and exposure - a Delphi consensus definition of the association of COPD and bronchiectasis by the EMBARC Airways Working Group. ERJ Open Res, 2021, 7(4): 00399-2021.
6.	Alam MA, Mangapuram P, Fredrick FC, et al. Bronchiectasis-COPD Overlap Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of its Pathophysiology and Potential Cardiovascular Implications. Ther Adv Pulm Crit Care Med, 2024, 19: 29768675241300808.
7.	Balkissoon R. Journal Club - Bronchiectasis/COPD Overlap: Syndrome Versus Treatable Trait? Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 2019, 6(2): 193-199.
8.	Polverino E, De Soyza A, Dimakou K, et al. The Association between Bronchiectasis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Data from the European Bronchiectasis Registry (EMBARC). Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2024, 210(1): 119-127.
9.	Dai Z, Zhong Y, Cui Y, et al. Analysis of clinical characteristics, prognosis and influencing factors in patients with bronchiectasis-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome: A prospective study for more than five years. J Glob Health, 2024, 14: 04129.
10.	Chung WS, Lin CL. Acute respiratory events in patients with bronchiectasis-COPD overlap syndrome: A population-based cohort study. Respir Med, 2018, 140: 6-10.
11.	Wang X, Olveira C, Girón R, et al. Blood Neutrophil Counts Define Specific Clusters of Bronchiectasis Patients: A Hint to Differential Clinical Phenotypes. Biomedicines, 2022, 10(5): 1044.
12.	Keir HR, Shoemark A, Dicker AJ, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps, disease severity, and antibiotic response in bronchiectasis: an international, observational, multicohort study. Lancet Respir Med, 2021, 9(8): 873-884.
13.	Fouka E, Lindén A, Bossios A. The role of T-helper and T regulatory cells in driving neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation in bronchiectasis. Front Immunol, 2025, 16: 1598257.
14.	Frija-Masson J, Martin C, Regard L, et al. Bacteria-driven peribronchial lymphoid neogenesis in bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J, 2017, 49(4): 1601873.
15.	Chen J, Wang T, Li X, et al. DNA of neutrophil extracellular traps promote NF-κB-dependent autoimmunity via cGAS/TLR9 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2024, 9(1): 163.
16.	He S, Tian R, Zhang X, et al. PPARγ inhibits small airway remodeling through mediating the polarization homeostasis of alveolar macrophages in COPD. Clin Immunol, 2023, 250: 109293.
17.	Qin K, Xu B, Pang M, et al. The functions of CD4 T-helper lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin, 2021, 54(2): 173-178.
18.	Xue W, Ma J, Li Y, et al. Role of CD4+ T and CD8+ T Lymphocytes-Mediated Cellular Immunity in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Immunol Res, 2022, 2022: 1-9.
19.	Louren?o JD, Ito JT, Martins MA, et al. Th17/Treg Imbalance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 804919.
20.	Oscullo G, Gómez-Olivas JD, Ingles M, et al. Bronchiectasis-COPD Overlap Syndrome: Role of Peripheral Eosinophil Count and Inhaled Corticosteroid Treatment. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(19): 6417.
21.	Nigro E, Mosella M, Daniele A, et al. Adiponectin Increase in Patients Affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Overlap of Bronchiectasis. Life (Basel), 2023, 13(2): 444.
22.	Yu W, Ye T, Ding J, et al. miR-4456/CCL3/CCR5 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Tight Junction Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 551839.
23.	Guo P, Li R, Piao TH, et al. Pathological Mechanism and Targeted Drugs of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2022, 17: 1565-1575.
24.	Vidaillac C, Chotirmall SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchiectasis: infection, inflammation, and therapies. Expert Rev Respir Med, 2021, 15(5): 649-662.
25.	Garmendia J, Cebollero-Rivas P. Environmental exposures, the oral-lung axis and respiratory health: The airway microbiome goes on stage for the personalized management of human lung function. Microb Biotechnol, 2024, 17(6): e14506.
26.	Kou Z, Liu K, Qiao Z, et al. The alterations of oral, airway and intestine microbiota in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol, 2024, 15: 1407439.
27.	Everaerts S, Lagrou K, Vermeersch K, et al. Aspergillus fumigatus Detection and Risk Factors in Patients with COPD-Bronchiectasis Overlap. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(2): 523.
28.	Wang Y, Xiao J, Yang X, et al. Pulmonary microbiology and microbiota in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res, 2025, 26(1): 77.
29.	He ZF, Zhang XX, Pan CX, et al. Sputum Microbiota Compositions Correlate With Metabolome and Clinical Outcomes of COPD‐Bronchiectasis Association: A Prospective Cohort Study. Exploration, 2025, 5(4): e20240149.
30.	Yu X, Yu X, Wang Y, et al. Respiratory diseases and the gut microbiota: an updated review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2025, 15: 1629005.
31.	Jiang M, Li Z, Zhang F, et al. Butyrate inhibits iILC2-mediated lung inflammation via lung-gut axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BMC Pulm Med, 2023, 23(1): 163.
32.	Narayana JK, Aliberti S, Mac Aogáin M, et al. Microbial Dysregulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in Bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2023, 207(7): 908-920.
33.	Wang LL, Shen X, Xie Y, et al. A gut Eggerthella lenta-derived metabolite impairs neutrophil function to aggravate bacterial lung infection. Sci Transl Med, 2025, 17(787): eadq4409.
34.	Spittle DA, Pye A, Stanka J, et al. Bacterial colonisation doubles the risk of exacerbation in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Med, 2025, 240: 108025.
35.	Shi L, Wei F, Ma T, et al. Impact of Radiographic Bronchiectasis in COPD. Respir Care, 2020, 65(10): 1561-1573.
36.	Yang J, Xu JF, Liang S. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and emerging treatment. Crit Rev Microbiol, 2025, 51(5): 841-859.
37.	Qin S, Xiao W, Zhou C, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7(1): 199.
38.	Choi Y, Shin SH, Lee H, et al. Favorable Response to Long-Term Azithromycin Therapy in Bronchiectasis Patients with Chronic Airflow Obstruction Compared to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients without Bronchiectasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2021, 16: 855-863.
39.	Guan WJ, Xu JF, Luo H, et al. A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial of Tobramycin Inhalation Solution in Adults With Bronchiectasis With Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Chest, 2023, 163(1): 64-76.
40.	Ding L, Wang J, Cai S, et al. Pulmonary biofilm-based chronic infections and inhaled treatment strategies. Int J Pharm, 2021, 604: 120768.
41.	Ritchie AI, Singayagam A, Mitchell S, et al. The Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroids on Pneumonia Risk in Patients With COPD-Bronchiectasis Overlap: A UK Population-Based Case-Control Study. Chest, 2023, 164(4): 875-884.
42.	Chalmers JD, Shoemark A. Inhaled Corticosteroids in COPD and Bronchiectasis: Use Biomarkers Rather Than Disease Labels. Chest, 2023, 164(4): 809-811.
43.	Hanania NA, Celli BR. Phosphodiesterase Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Where We Have Been and What Lies Ahead. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 2025, 12(1): 82-92.
44.	Bhatt SP, Rabe KF, Hanania NA, et al. Dupilumab for COPD with Type 2 Inflammation Indicated by Eosinophil Counts. N Engl J Med, 2023, 389(3): 205-214.
45.	Zahhar JA, Salamatullah HK, Almutairi MB, et al. Influenza vaccine effect on risk of stroke occurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol, 2023, 14: 1324677.
46.	Tippett A, Ess G, Hussaini L, et al. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Pre-pandemic Among Adults Hospitalized With Congestive Heart Failure or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Older Adults. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 1065-1072.
47.	Platt HL, Bruno C, Buntinx E, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an adult pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, V116 (STRIDE-3): a randomised, double-blind, active comparator controlled, international phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2024, 24(10): 1141-1150.
48.	O'Grady KF, Cripps AW, Grimwood K. Paediatric and adult bronchiectasis: Vaccination in prevention and management. Respirology, 2019, 24(2): 107-114.
49.	Rochester CL, Alison JA, Carlin B, et al. Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Adults with Chronic Respiratory Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2023, 208(4): e7-e26.
50.	Spinou A, Lee AL, O'Neil B, et al. Patient-managed interventions for adults with bronchiectasis: evidence, challenges and prospects. Eur Respir Rev, 2024, 33(174): 240087.
51.	Hocquigny A, Hugerot H, Ghanem R, et al. Mucoactive drugs and multiple applications in pulmonary disease therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2024, 194: 110-117.
52.	Shen Y, Huang S, Kang J, et al. Management of airway mucus hypersecretion in chronic airway inflammatory disease: Chinese expert consensus (English edition). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 399-407.
53.	Dhar R, Singh S, Talwar D, et al. Clinical outcomes of bronchiectasis in India: data from the EMBARC/Respiratory Research Network of India registry. Eur Respir J, 2022, 61(1): 2200611.
54.	Xiong T, Bai X, Wei X, et al. Exercise Rehabilitation and Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Effects, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Benefits. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2023, 18: 1251-1266.

1. GOLD. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2025[EB/OL]. [2024-12-16]. https://goldcopd.org/2025-gold-report/.
2. Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2019, 394(10204): 1145-1158.
3. Nigro M, Laska IF, Traversi L, et al. Epidemiology of bronchiectasis. Eur Respir Rev, 2024, 33(174): 240091.
4. Aliberti S, Goeminne PC, O'Donnell AE, et al. Criteria and definitions for the radiological and clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis in adults for use in clinical trials: international consensus recommendations. Lancet Respir Med, 2022, 10(3): 298-306.
5. Traversi L, Miravitlles M, Martinez-Garcia MA, et al. ROSE: radiology, obstruction, symptoms and exposure - a Delphi consensus definition of the association of COPD and bronchiectasis by the EMBARC Airways Working Group. ERJ Open Res, 2021, 7(4): 00399-2021.
6. Alam MA, Mangapuram P, Fredrick FC, et al. Bronchiectasis-COPD Overlap Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of its Pathophysiology and Potential Cardiovascular Implications. Ther Adv Pulm Crit Care Med, 2024, 19: 29768675241300808.
7. Balkissoon R. Journal Club - Bronchiectasis/COPD Overlap: Syndrome Versus Treatable Trait? Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 2019, 6(2): 193-199.
8. Polverino E, De Soyza A, Dimakou K, et al. The Association between Bronchiectasis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Data from the European Bronchiectasis Registry (EMBARC). Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2024, 210(1): 119-127.
9. Dai Z, Zhong Y, Cui Y, et al. Analysis of clinical characteristics, prognosis and influencing factors in patients with bronchiectasis-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome: A prospective study for more than five years. J Glob Health, 2024, 14: 04129.
10. Chung WS, Lin CL. Acute respiratory events in patients with bronchiectasis-COPD overlap syndrome: A population-based cohort study. Respir Med, 2018, 140: 6-10.
11. Wang X, Olveira C, Girón R, et al. Blood Neutrophil Counts Define Specific Clusters of Bronchiectasis Patients: A Hint to Differential Clinical Phenotypes. Biomedicines, 2022, 10(5): 1044.
12. Keir HR, Shoemark A, Dicker AJ, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps, disease severity, and antibiotic response in bronchiectasis: an international, observational, multicohort study. Lancet Respir Med, 2021, 9(8): 873-884.
13. Fouka E, Lindén A, Bossios A. The role of T-helper and T regulatory cells in driving neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation in bronchiectasis. Front Immunol, 2025, 16: 1598257.
14. Frija-Masson J, Martin C, Regard L, et al. Bacteria-driven peribronchial lymphoid neogenesis in bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J, 2017, 49(4): 1601873.
15. Chen J, Wang T, Li X, et al. DNA of neutrophil extracellular traps promote NF-κB-dependent autoimmunity via cGAS/TLR9 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2024, 9(1): 163.
16. He S, Tian R, Zhang X, et al. PPARγ inhibits small airway remodeling through mediating the polarization homeostasis of alveolar macrophages in COPD. Clin Immunol, 2023, 250: 109293.
17. Qin K, Xu B, Pang M, et al. The functions of CD4 T-helper lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin, 2021, 54(2): 173-178.
18. Xue W, Ma J, Li Y, et al. Role of CD4+ T and CD8+ T Lymphocytes-Mediated Cellular Immunity in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Immunol Res, 2022, 2022: 1-9.
19. Louren?o JD, Ito JT, Martins MA, et al. Th17/Treg Imbalance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 804919.
20. Oscullo G, Gómez-Olivas JD, Ingles M, et al. Bronchiectasis-COPD Overlap Syndrome: Role of Peripheral Eosinophil Count and Inhaled Corticosteroid Treatment. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(19): 6417.
21. Nigro E, Mosella M, Daniele A, et al. Adiponectin Increase in Patients Affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Overlap of Bronchiectasis. Life (Basel), 2023, 13(2): 444.
22. Yu W, Ye T, Ding J, et al. miR-4456/CCL3/CCR5 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Tight Junction Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 551839.
23. Guo P, Li R, Piao TH, et al. Pathological Mechanism and Targeted Drugs of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2022, 17: 1565-1575.
24. Vidaillac C, Chotirmall SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchiectasis: infection, inflammation, and therapies. Expert Rev Respir Med, 2021, 15(5): 649-662.
25. Garmendia J, Cebollero-Rivas P. Environmental exposures, the oral-lung axis and respiratory health: The airway microbiome goes on stage for the personalized management of human lung function. Microb Biotechnol, 2024, 17(6): e14506.
26. Kou Z, Liu K, Qiao Z, et al. The alterations of oral, airway and intestine microbiota in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol, 2024, 15: 1407439.
27. Everaerts S, Lagrou K, Vermeersch K, et al. Aspergillus fumigatus Detection and Risk Factors in Patients with COPD-Bronchiectasis Overlap. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(2): 523.
28. Wang Y, Xiao J, Yang X, et al. Pulmonary microbiology and microbiota in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res, 2025, 26(1): 77.
29. He ZF, Zhang XX, Pan CX, et al. Sputum Microbiota Compositions Correlate With Metabolome and Clinical Outcomes of COPD‐Bronchiectasis Association: A Prospective Cohort Study. Exploration, 2025, 5(4): e20240149.
30. Yu X, Yu X, Wang Y, et al. Respiratory diseases and the gut microbiota: an updated review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2025, 15: 1629005.
31. Jiang M, Li Z, Zhang F, et al. Butyrate inhibits iILC2-mediated lung inflammation via lung-gut axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BMC Pulm Med, 2023, 23(1): 163.
32. Narayana JK, Aliberti S, Mac Aogáin M, et al. Microbial Dysregulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in Bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2023, 207(7): 908-920.
33. Wang LL, Shen X, Xie Y, et al. A gut Eggerthella lenta-derived metabolite impairs neutrophil function to aggravate bacterial lung infection. Sci Transl Med, 2025, 17(787): eadq4409.
34. Spittle DA, Pye A, Stanka J, et al. Bacterial colonisation doubles the risk of exacerbation in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Med, 2025, 240: 108025.
35. Shi L, Wei F, Ma T, et al. Impact of Radiographic Bronchiectasis in COPD. Respir Care, 2020, 65(10): 1561-1573.
36. Yang J, Xu JF, Liang S. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and emerging treatment. Crit Rev Microbiol, 2025, 51(5): 841-859.
37. Qin S, Xiao W, Zhou C, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7(1): 199.
38. Choi Y, Shin SH, Lee H, et al. Favorable Response to Long-Term Azithromycin Therapy in Bronchiectasis Patients with Chronic Airflow Obstruction Compared to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients without Bronchiectasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2021, 16: 855-863.
39. Guan WJ, Xu JF, Luo H, et al. A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial of Tobramycin Inhalation Solution in Adults With Bronchiectasis With Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Chest, 2023, 163(1): 64-76.
40. Ding L, Wang J, Cai S, et al. Pulmonary biofilm-based chronic infections and inhaled treatment strategies. Int J Pharm, 2021, 604: 120768.
41. Ritchie AI, Singayagam A, Mitchell S, et al. The Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroids on Pneumonia Risk in Patients With COPD-Bronchiectasis Overlap: A UK Population-Based Case-Control Study. Chest, 2023, 164(4): 875-884.
42. Chalmers JD, Shoemark A. Inhaled Corticosteroids in COPD and Bronchiectasis: Use Biomarkers Rather Than Disease Labels. Chest, 2023, 164(4): 809-811.
43. Hanania NA, Celli BR. Phosphodiesterase Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Where We Have Been and What Lies Ahead. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 2025, 12(1): 82-92.
44. Bhatt SP, Rabe KF, Hanania NA, et al. Dupilumab for COPD with Type 2 Inflammation Indicated by Eosinophil Counts. N Engl J Med, 2023, 389(3): 205-214.
45. Zahhar JA, Salamatullah HK, Almutairi MB, et al. Influenza vaccine effect on risk of stroke occurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol, 2023, 14: 1324677.
46. Tippett A, Ess G, Hussaini L, et al. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Pre-pandemic Among Adults Hospitalized With Congestive Heart Failure or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Older Adults. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 1065-1072.
47. Platt HL, Bruno C, Buntinx E, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an adult pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, V116 (STRIDE-3): a randomised, double-blind, active comparator controlled, international phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2024, 24(10): 1141-1150.
48. O'Grady KF, Cripps AW, Grimwood K. Paediatric and adult bronchiectasis: Vaccination in prevention and management. Respirology, 2019, 24(2): 107-114.
49. Rochester CL, Alison JA, Carlin B, et al. Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Adults with Chronic Respiratory Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2023, 208(4): e7-e26.
50. Spinou A, Lee AL, O'Neil B, et al. Patient-managed interventions for adults with bronchiectasis: evidence, challenges and prospects. Eur Respir Rev, 2024, 33(174): 240087.
51. Hocquigny A, Hugerot H, Ghanem R, et al. Mucoactive drugs and multiple applications in pulmonary disease therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2024, 194: 110-117.
52. Shen Y, Huang S, Kang J, et al. Management of airway mucus hypersecretion in chronic airway inflammatory disease: Chinese expert consensus (English edition). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 399-407.
53. Dhar R, Singh S, Talwar D, et al. Clinical outcomes of bronchiectasis in India: data from the EMBARC/Respiratory Research Network of India registry. Eur Respir J, 2022, 61(1): 2200611.
54. Xiong T, Bai X, Wei X, et al. Exercise Rehabilitation and Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Effects, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Benefits. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2023, 18: 1251-1266.

Previous Article
妊娠哮喘可治療特質及生物制劑應用
Next Article
呼吸肌訓練的分子機制與跨疾病應用：從呼吸康復到全身系統性干預

Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

支氣管擴張-慢性阻塞性肺疾病重疊綜合征的病理生理機制與治療進展

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content