Citation: . 原發性肝癌診療指南(2026年版). CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2026, 33(4): 425-485. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202600001 Copy
Copyright ? the editorial department of CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Han BF, Zheng RS, Zeng HM, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2024, 4(1): 47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jncc.2024.01.006. |
| 2. | Zeng H, Zheng R, Sun K, et al. Cancer survival statistics in China 2019-2021: a multicenter, population-based study. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2024, 4(3): 203-213. doi: 10.1016/j.jncc.2024.06.005. |
| 3. | Shan T, Ran X, Li H, et al. Disparities in stage at diagnosis for liver cancer in China. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2023, 3(1): 7-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.12.002. |
| 4. | Rumgay H, Ferlay J, de Martel C, et al. Global, regional and national burden of primary liver cancer by subtype. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 161: 108-118. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.11.023. |
| 5. | Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(4): 383-394. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026. |
| 6. | Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(4): 401-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015. |
| 7. | Andrews JC, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation: determinants of a recommendation’s direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol, 2013, 66(7): 726-735. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003. |
| 8. | American Society of Clinical Oncology. ASCO Guidelines Methodology Manual. (2021-09-09) [2023-12-15]. Available at: https://cdn.bfldr.com/KOIHB2Q3/as/qr3pjw3xfmq2svntp76hpbm/Guidelines-Method ology-Manual. |
| 9. | Chan SL, Sun HC, Xu Y, et al. The Lancet Commission on addressing the global hepatocellular carcinoma burden: comprehensive strategies from prevention to treatment. Lancet, 2025, 406(10504): 731-778. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01042-6. |
| 10. | Tang S, Huang T, Tang R, et al. EASL 2025 indications revisited: phase-specific outcomes with and without nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gut, 2025. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2025-335449. [Online ahead of print]. |
| 11. | Fan R, Papatheodoridis G, Sun J, et al. aMAP risk score predicts hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(6): 1368-1378. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.025. |
| 12. | Fan R, Chen L, Zhao S, et al. Novel, high accuracy models for hepatocellular carcinoma prediction based on longitudinal data and cell-free DNA signatures. J Hepatol, 2023, 79(4): 933-944. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.039. |
| 13. | Guo L, Hao X, Chen L, et al. Early warning of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients by three-phase CT-based deep learning radiomics model: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. EClinicalMedicine, 2024, 74: 102718. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102718. |
| 14. | Choi J, Kim GA, Han S, et al. Longitudinal assessment of three serum biomarkers to detect very early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2019, 69(5): 1983-1994. doi: 10.1002/hep.30233. |
| 15. | Zeng H, Cao M, Xia C, et al. Performance and effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma screening in individuals with HBsAg seropositivity in China: a multicenter prospective study. Nat Cancer, 2023, 4(9): 1382-1394. doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00618-8. |
| 16. | 中華醫學會肝病學分會. 代謝相關(非酒精性)脂肪性肝病防治指南(2024 年版). 中華 肝臟 病雜 志, 2024, 32(5): 418-434.Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Guideline for the prevention and treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (version 2024). Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 2024, 32(5): 418-434. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20240428-00162. |
| 17. | 郝新, 樊蓉, 郭亞兵, 等. 創建醫院社區一體化 “金字塔” 肝癌篩查模式, 實現肝癌早篩早診早治. 中華肝臟病雜志, 2021, 29(4): 289-292.Hao X, Fan R, Guo YB, et al. Establishing an integrated hospital-community pyramid for screening and achieving hepatocellular carcinoma early diagnosis and treatment. Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 2021, 29(4): 289-292. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210408-00174-1. |
| 18. | Dong Y, Wang WP, Lee WJ, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound features of histopathologically proven hepatocellular carcinoma in the non-cirrhotic liver: a multicenter study. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2022, 48(9): 1797-1805. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.05.005. |
| 19. | Fan PL, Xia HS, Ding H, et al. Characterization of early hepatocellular carcinoma and high-grade dysplastic nodules on contrast-enhanced ultrasound: correlation with histopathologic findings. J Ultrasound Med, 2020, 39(9): 1799-1808. doi: 10.1002/jum.15288. |
| 20. | Shen YT, Yue WW, Xu HX. Non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis of combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2023, 48(6): 2019-2037. doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-03879-0. |
| 21. | Han H, Ji Z, Huang B, et al. The preliminary application of simultaneous display of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and micro-flow imaging technology in the diagnosis of hepatic tumors. J Ultrasound Med, 2023, 42(3): 729-737. doi: 10.1002/jum.16111. |
| 22. | Barr RG, Huang P, Luo Y, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of the liver: a review of the clinical evidence for SonoVue and Sonazoid. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2020, 45(11): 3779-3788. doi: 10.1007/s00261-020-02573-9. |
| 23. | Dietrich CF, Nols?e CP, Barr RG, et al. Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Liver-Update 2020 WFUMB in Cooperation with EFSUMB, AFSUMB, AIUM, and FLAUS. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2020, 46(10): 2579-2604. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.030. |
| 24. | Lee JY, Minami Y, Choi BI, et al. The AFSUMB consensus statements and recommendations for the clinical practice of contrast-enhanced ultrasound using sonazoid. J Med Ultrasound, 2020, 28(2): 59-82. doi: 10.4103/JMU.JMU_124_19. |
| 25. | Wang LF, Guan X, Shen YT, et al. A multi-parameter intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma scoring system based on modified contrast-enhanced ultrasound LI-RADS M criteria for differentiating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2024, 49(2): 458-470. doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-04114-6. |
| 26. | Duan Y, Xie X, Li Q, et al. Differentiation of regenerative nodule, dysplastic nodule, and small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: a contrast-enhanced ultrasound-based multivariable model analysis. Eur Radiol, 2020, 30(9): 4741-4751. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06834-5. |
| 27. | European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2025, 82(2): 315-374. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.08.028. |
| 28. | Quaia E. State of the art: LI-RADS for contrast-enhanced US. Radiology, 2019, 293(1): 4-14. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2019190005. |
| 29. | Lu D, Wang LF, Han H, et al. Prediction of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma with conventional ultrasound, Sonazoid-enhanced ultrasound, and biochemical indicator: a multicenter study. Insights Imaging, 2024, 15(1): 261. doi: 10.1186/s13244-024-01743-3. |
| 30. | 王文平, 季正標, 董怡, 等. 實時導航超聲造影在小肝癌診斷中的應用研究. 中華醫學超聲雜志: 電子版 , 2016, 13(1): 56-60. doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2016.01.014.Wang WP, Ji ZB, Dong Y, et al. Application of volume navigation guided real time contrast-enhanced ultrasound for diagnosis of small malignant hepatic lesions. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound: Electronic Edition, 2016, 13(1): 56-60. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2016.01.014. |
| 31. | 中華醫學會超聲醫學分會, 中國醫師協會外科醫師分會, 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會, 等. 肝移植超聲臨床實踐指南 (2023 版 ). 中華醫學雜志, 2023, 103(31): 2365-2388.Chinese Medical Association Ultrasound Medical Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association Surgery Physician Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association Intervention Physician Branch, Engineering Shanghai, et al. Guideline for clinical practice of ultrasound examination in liver transplantation (2023 edition). National Medical Journal of China, 2023, 103(31): 2365-2388. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230510-00768. |
| 32. | Zhao CK, Guan X, Pu YY, et al. Response evaluation using contrast-enhanced ultrasound for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors plus anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2024, 50(1): 142-149. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.09.016. |
| 33. | Zhou BY, Liu H, Pu YY, et al. Quantitative analysis of pre-treatment dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound for assessing the response of colorectal liver metastases to chemotherapy plus targeted therapy: a dual-institutional study. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2024, 49(2): 414-424. doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-04055-0. |
| 34. | Brown KG, Li J, Margolis R, et al. Assessment of transarterial chemoembolization using super-resolution ultrasound imaging and a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2023, 49(5): 1318-1326. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.01.021. |
| 35. | Zeng QQ, An SZ, Chen CN, et al. Focal liver lesions: multiparametric microvasculature characterization via super-resolution ultrasound imaging. Eur Radiol Exp, 2024, 8(1): 138. doi: 10.1186/s41747-024-00540-3. |
| 36. | Dong Y, Wang WP, Mao F, et al. Application of imaging fusion combining contrast-enhanced ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in detection of hepatic cellular carcinomas undetectable by conventional ultrasound. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 31(4): 822-828. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13202. |
| 37. | Bo XW, Xu HX, Wang D, et al. Fusion imaging of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT or MRI before radiofrequency ablation for liver cancers. Br J Radiol, 2016, 89(1067): 20160379. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20160379. |
| 38. | Bo XW, Xu HX, Guo LH, et al. Ablative safety margin depicted by fusion imaging with post-treatment contrast-enhanced ultrasound and pre-treatment CECT/CEMRI after radiofrequency ablation for liver cancers. Br J Radiol, 2017, 90(1078): 20170063. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20170063. |
| 39. | Zhuang Y, Ding H, Zhang Y, et al. Two-dimensional shear-wave elastography performance in the noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: comparison with serum fibrosis indexes. Radiology, 2017, 283(3): 873-882. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2016160131. |
| 40. | Zhong X, Long H, Chen L, et al. Stiffness on shear wave elastography as a potential microenvironment biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Insights Imaging, 2023, 14(1): 147. doi: 10.1186/s13244-023-01505-7. |
| 41. | Long H, Peng C, Ding H, et al. Predicting symptomatic post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: development and validation of a preoperative nomogram. Eur Radiol, 2023, 33(11): 7665-7674. doi: 10.1007/s00330-023-09803-w. |
| 42. | Guan X, Chen YC, Xu HX. New horizon of ultrasound for screening and surveillance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease spectrum. Eur J Radiol, 2022, 154: 110450. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110450. |
| 43. | Ji CY, He YX, Fan YL, et al. Ultrasound-based fat fraction for detection of hepatic steatosis and quantification of liver fat content using liver biopsy as the reference standard. Eur Radiol, 2025. doi:10.1007/s00330-025-12117-8. [Online ahead of print]. |
| 44. | Yin HH, Xiong B, Yu JF, et al. Interoperator reproducibility of quantitative ultrasound analysis of hepatic steatosis in participants with suspected MASLD: a prospective study. Eur J Radiol, 2024, 175: 111427. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111427. |
| 45. | John BV, Bastaich DR, Deng Y, et al. Use of liver stiffness measurement for HCC risk stratification in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Hepatology, 2025. doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000001498. [Online ahead of print]. |
| 46. | Yin H, Fan Y, Yu J, et al. Quantitative US fat fraction for noninvasive assessment of hepatic steatosis in suspected metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Insights Imaging, 2024, 15(1): 159. doi: 10.1186/s13244-024-01728-2. |
| 47. | Chen Y, Lu Q, Zhu Y, et al. Prediction of microvascular invasion in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma based on pre-operative clinical data and contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2022, 48(7): 1190-1201. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.02.014. |
| 48. | Zhang H, Guo L, Wang D, et al. Multi-source transfer learning via multi-kernel support vector machine plus for B-mode ultrasound-based computer-aided diagnosis of liver cancers. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform, 2021, 25(10): 3874-3885. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2021.3073812. |
| 49. | Ding W, Wang Z, Liu FY, et al. A hybrid machine learning model based on semantic information can optimize treatment decision for Na?ve single 3-5-cm HCC patients. Liver Cancer, 2022, 11(3): 256-267. doi: 10.1159/000522123. |
| 50. | Liu F, Liu D, Wang K, et al. Deep learning radiomics based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound might optimize curative treatments for very-early or early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(4): 397-413. doi: 10.1159/000505694. |
| 51. | Ding W, Meng Y, Ma J, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-based AI model for multi-classification of focal liver lesions. J Hepatol, 2025, 83(2): 426-439. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.01.011. |
| 52. | Lee YJ, Lee JM, Lee JS, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic performance of multidetector CT and MR imaging-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology, 2015, 275(1): 97-109. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14140690. |
| 53. | Liu X, Jiang H, Chen J, et al. Gadoxetic acid disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging outperformed multidetector computed tomography in diagnosing small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl, 2017, 23(12): 1505-1518. doi: 10.1002/lt.24867. |
| 54. | Aslam A, Chernyak V, Tang A, et al. CT/MRI LI-RADS 2024 update: treatment response assessment. Radiology, 2024, 313(2): e232408. doi: 10.1148/radiol.232408. |
| 55. | Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology, 2018, 68(2): 723-750. doi: 10.1002/hep.29913. |
| 56. | Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2018, 29(Suppl 4): iv238-iv255. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdy308. |
| 57. | Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int, 2017, 11(4): 317-370. doi: 10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9. |
| 58. | Cho ES, Choi JY. MRI features of hepatocellular carcinoma related to biologic behavior. Korean J Radiol, 2015, 16(3): 449-464. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.3.449. |
| 59. | Renzulli M, Biselli M, Brocchi S, et al. New hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma, early hepatocellular carcinoma and high-grade dysplastic nodules on Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI in patients with cirrhosis: a new diagnostic algorithm. Gut, 2018, 67(9): 1674-1682. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315384. |
| 60. | Hwang J, Kim YK, Jeong WK, et al. Nonhypervascular hypointense nodules at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging in chronic liver disease: diffusion-weighted imaging for characterization. Radiology, 2015, 276(1): 137-146. doi: 10.1148/radiol.15141350. |
| 61. | Huang P, Shi Q, Ni X, et al. Subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on gadoxetic-acid-enhanced MRI: l ess frequent typical imaging features compared to 1-2 cm HCC but better prognosis after surgical resection. Abdom Radiol, 2023, 48(11): 3391-3400. doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-04024-7. |
| 62. | Zeng MS, Ye HY, Guo L, et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for focal liver lesions in Chinese patients: a multicenter, open-label, phase Ⅲ study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2013, 12(6): 607-616. doi: 10.1016/s1499-3872(13)60096-x. |
| 63. | Ichikawa T, Saito K, Yoshioka N, et al. Detection and characterization of focal liver lesions: a Japanese phase Ⅲ , multicenter comparison between gadoxetic acid disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced computed tomography predominantly in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease. Invest Radiol, 2010, 45(3): 133-141. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181caea5b. |
| 64. | Wang WT, Yang C, Zhu K, et al. Recurrence after curative resection of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic algorithms on gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Liver Transpl, 2020, 26(6): 751-763. doi: 10.1002/lt.25713. |
| 65. | Zhang J, Lu Z, Shen H, et al. A Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Subcentimeter Hepatocellular Carcinoma Utilizing Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MRI: Multicenter Development and Validation. Acad Radiol, 2025, 32(12): 7071-7081. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2025.09.006. |
| 66. | Rao SX, Wang J, Wang J, et al. Chinese consensus on the clinical application of hepatobiliary magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent: Gadoxetic acid disodium. J Dig Dis, 2019, 20(2): 54-61. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12707. |
| 67. | Huang P, Zhou C, Wu F, et al. An improved diagnostic algorithm for subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol, 2023, 33(4): 2735-2745. doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-09282-5. |
| 68. | Chang Y, Jeong SW, Young Jang J, et al. Recent updates of transarterial chemoembolilzation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(21): 8165. doi: 10.3390/ijms21218165. |
| 69. | Kudo M, Izumi N, Kokudo N, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: Consensus-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines proposed by the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH) 2010 updated version. Dig Dis, 2011, 29(3): 339-364. doi: 10.1159/000327577. |
| 70. | Shi J, Lai ECH, Li N, et al. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(8): 2073-2080. doi: 10.1245/s10434-010-0940-4. |
| 71. | Chen M, Cao J, Hu J, et al. Clinical-radiomic analysis for pretreatment prediction of objective response to first transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2021, 10(1): 38-51. doi: 10.1159/000512028. |
| 72. | Xu X, Zhang HL, Liu QP, et al. Radiomic analysis of contrast-enhanced CT predicts microvascular invasion and outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(6): 1133-1144. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.023. |
| 73. | Chong HH, Yang L, Sheng RF, et al. Multi-scale and multi-parametric radiomics of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI predicts microvascular invasion and outcome in patients with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma≤5 cm. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(7): 4824-4838. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07601-2. |
| 74. | Yang L, Gu D, Wei J, et al. A radiomics nomogram for preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2019, 8(5): 373-386. doi: 10.1159/000494099. |
| 75. | Lei Z, Li J, Wu D, et al. Nomogram for preoperative estimation of microvascular invasion risk in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria. JAMA Surg, 2016, 151(4): 356-363. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.4257. |
| 76. | Moustafa AS, Abdel Aal AK, Ertel N, et al. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic collateral blood supply: anatomic and technical considerations. Radiographics, 2017, 37(3): 963-977. doi: 10.1148/rg.2017160122. |
| 77. | 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會臨床診療指南專委會. 錐形束 CT 應用于肝臟惡性腫瘤介入診療的專家共識. 中華放射學雜志, 2024, 58(6): 596-602.Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists. Expert consensus on the application of cone-beam CT in interventional diagnosis and therapy of liver malignancy. Chinese Journal of Radiology, 2024, 58(6): 596-602. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20240102-00003. |
| 78. | Lin CY, Chen JH, Liang J, et al. 18F-FDG PET or PET/CT for detecting extrahepatic metastases or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol, 2012, 81(9): 2417-2422. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.08.004. |
| 79. | Park JW, Kim JH, Kim SK, et al. A prospective evaluation of 18F-FDG and 11C-acetate PET/CT for detection of primary and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nucl Med, 2008, 49(12): 1912-1921. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.108.055087. |
| 80. | Boellaard R, O’Doherty MJ, Weber WA, et al. FDG PET and PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour PET imaging: version 1. 0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2010, 37(1): 181-200. doi: 10.1007/s00259-009-1297-4. |
| 81. | Chalian H, T?re HG, Horowitz JM, et al. Radiologic assessment of response to therapy: comparison of RECIST Versions 1.1 and 1.0. Radiographics, 2011, 31(7): 2093-2105. doi:10.1148/rg.317115050. |
| 82. | Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, et al. From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving Considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med, 2009, 50(Suppl 1): 122S-150S. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.108.057307. |
| 83. | Ferda J, Ferdová E, Baxa J, et al. The role of 18F-FDG accumulation and arterial enhancement as biomarkers in the assessment of typing, grading and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma using 18F-FDG-PET/CT with integrated dual-phase CT angiography. Anticancer Res, 2015, 35(4): 2241-2246. |
| 84. | Hyun SH, Eo JS, Lee JW, et al. Prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stages 0 and A hepatocellular carcinomas: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2016, 43(9): 1638-1645. doi: 10.1007/s00259-016-3348-y. |
| 85. | Na SJ, Oh JK, Hyun SH, et al. (18)F-FDG PET/CT can predict survival of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Nucl Med, 2017, 58(5): 730-736. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.182022. |
| 86. | Bertagna F, Bertoli M, Bosio G, et al. Diagnostic role of radiolabelled choline PET or PET/CT in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int, 2014, 8(4): 493-500. doi: 10.1007/s12072-014-9566-0. |
| 87. | Mohebbi A, Kiani I, Mohammadzadeh S, et al. Qualitative and quantitative differentiation efficiency of dual-tracer PET/CT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and (11)C-acetate for primary hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2025, 50(1): 198-212. doi: 10.1007/s00261-024-04302-y. |
| 88. | Henrar RB, Vuijk FA, Burchell GL, et al. Diagnostic performance of radiolabelled FAPI versus [(18)F] FDG PET imaging in hepato-pancreato-biliary oncology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci, 2025, 26(5): 1978. doi: 10.3390/ijms26051978. |
| 89. | Lan L, Zhang S, Xu T, et al. Prospective comparison of 68Ga-FAPI versus (18)F-FDG PET/CT for tumor staging in biliary tract cancers. Radiology, 2022, 304(3): 648-657. doi: 10.1148/radiol.213118. |
| 90. | Poot AJ, Lapa C, Weber WA, et al. [(68) Ga] Ga-RAYZ-8009: a glypican-3-targeted diagnostic radiopharmaceutical for hepatocellular carcinoma molecular imaging-a first-in-human case series. J Nucl Med, 2024, 65(10): 1597-1603. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.124.268147. |
| 91. | Zhou C, Li G, Quan Z, et al. Prospective study comparing [(99m) Tc] Tc-DP-FAPI quantitative SPECT/CT with [(68) Ga] Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in patients with gastrointestinal tumors. Mol Pharm, 2024, 21(10): 5297-5304. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00783. |
| 92. | Zhou J, Yu L, Gao X, et al. Plasma microRNA panel to diagnose hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(36): 4781-4788. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.2697. |
| 93. | Best J, Bechmann LP, Sowa JP, et al. GALAD score detects early hepatocellular carcinoma in an international cohort of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 18(3): 728-735. e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.11.012. |
| 94. | Piratvisuth T, Hou J, Tanwandee T, et al. Development and clinical validation of a novel algorithmic score (GAAD) for detecting HCC in prospective cohort studies. Hepatol Commun, 2023, 7(11): e0317. doi: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000317. |
| 95. | Yang T, Xing H, Wang G, et al. A novel online calculator based on serum biomarkers to detect hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with hepatitis B. Clin Chem, 2019, 65(12): 1543-1553. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.308965. |
| 96. | Guo W, Sun YF, Shen MN, et al. Circulating tumor cells with stem-like phenotypes for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response evaluation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 24(9): 2203-2213. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-1753. |
| 97. | Zhang X, Wang Z, Tang W, et al. Ultrasensitive and affordable assay for early detection of primary liver cancer using plasma cell-free DNA fragmentomics. Hepatology, 2022, 76(2): 317-329. doi: 10.1002/hep.32308. |
| 98. | Qu C, Wang Y, Wang P, et al. Detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in asymptomatic HBsAg-seropositive individuals by liquid biopsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2019, 116(13): 6308-6312. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1819799116. |
| 99. | Cai J, Chen L, Zhang Z, et al. Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines in circulating cell-free DNA as a non-invasive approach for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut, 2019, 68(12): 2195-2205. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318882. |
| 100. | Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C, et al. Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2008, 47(1): 97-104. doi: 10.1002/hep.21966. |
| 101. | Roberts LR, Sirlin CB, Zaiem F, et al. Imaging for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 2018, 67(1): 401-421. doi: 10.1002/hep.29487. |
| 102. | European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 182-236. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019. |
| 103. | WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. WHO Classification of Tumours. Digestive System Tumours. 5th Edition. Lyon: IARC Press, 2019. |
| 104. | Cong WM, Bu H, Chen J, et al. Practice guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancer: 2015 update. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(42): 9279-9287. doi:10.3748/wjg. v22.i42.9279. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i42.9279. |
| 105. | Chen L, Chen S, Zhou Q, et al. Microvascular invasion status and its survival impact in hepatocellular carcinoma depend on tissue sampling protocol. Ann Surg Oncol, 2021, 28(11): 6747-6757. doi: 10.1245/s10434-021-09673-w. |
| 106. | Sheng X, Ji Y, Ren GP, et al. A standardized pathological proposal for evaluating microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study by LCPGC. Hepatol Int, 2020, 14(6): 1034-1047. doi: 10.1007/s12072-020-10111-4. |
| 107. | Lu XY, Xi T, Lau WY, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma expressing cholangiocyte phenotype is a novel subtype with highly aggressive behavior. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(8): 2210-2217. doi: 10.1245/s10434-011-1585-7. |
| 108. | Zhuo J, Lu D, Lin Z, et al. The distinct responsiveness of cytokeratin 19-positive hepatocellular carcinoma to regorafenib. Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(12): 1084. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-04320-4. |
| 109. | 《肝內膽管癌病理診斷專家共識(2022 版)》編寫專家委員會. 肝內膽管癌病理診斷專家共識(2022 版). 中華病理學雜志, 2022, 51(9): 819-827.Expert Committee of Expert Consensus on Pathological Diagnosis of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (2022 version). Expert consensus on pathological diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (2022 version). Chinese Journal of Pathology, 2022, 51(9): 819-827. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20220517-00423. |
| 110. | Schumacher TN, Thommen DS. Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer. Science, 2022, 375(6576): eabf9419. doi: 10.1126/science.abf9419. |
| 111. | Gan X, Dong W, You W, et al. Spatial multimodal analysis revealed tertiary lymphoid structures as a risk stratification indicator in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett, 2024, 581: 216513. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216513. |
| 112. | Calderaro J, Petitprez F, Becht E, et al. Intra-tumoral tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with a low risk of early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(1): 58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.003. |
| 113. | Su JY, Li JR, Pan LX, et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures in HCC: Influence on immune cell profiles in tumors and on efficacy of adjuvant PD-1 inhibitor therapy after hepatectomy. Hepatology, 2025. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000001433. [Online ahead of print]. |
| 114. | Scheuer PJ. Classification of chronic viral hepatitis: a need for reassessment. J Hepatol, 1991, 13(3): 372-374. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(91)90084-o. |
| 115. | 中華醫學會傳染病與寄生蟲病學分會, 中華醫學會肝病學分會. 病毒性肝炎防治方案. 中華傳染病雜志, 2001, 19(1): 56-62.Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology, Chinese Society of Hepatology. Prevention and Treatment Protocol for Viral Hepatitis. Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2001, 19(1): 56-62. doi: 10.3760/j.issn:1000-6680.2001.01.027. |
| 116. | World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2024. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/34470cc8-af90-4d7b-a949-ef27e5d0726f/content. |
| 117. | Wang H, Chen JJ, Yin SY, et al. A grading system of microvascular invasion for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver resection with curative intent: a multicenter study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2024, 11: 191-206. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S447731. |
| 118. | Wang H, Qian YW, Sheng X, et al. Deciphering the significance of tumor necrosis and developing a grading system in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter pathological study. Pathol Res Pract, 2026, 278: 156335. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2025.156335. |
| 119. | Ding G, Wang H, Chen H, et al. Expression of the glypican-3 gene in α-fetoprotein-negative Human hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Ger J Clin Oncol, 2005, 4(5): 262-266. doi: 10.1007/s10330-005-0409-2. |
| 120. | Shahid M, Mubeen A, Tse J, et al. Branched chain in situ hybridization for albumin as a marker of hepatocellular differentiation: evaluation of manual and automated in situ hybridization platforms. Am J Surg Pathol, 2015, 39(1): 25-34. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000343. |
| 121. | Lu SX, Huang YH, Liu LL, et al. α-Fetoprotein mRNA in situ hybridisation is a highly specific marker of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-centre study. Br J Cancer, 2021, 124(12): 1988-1996. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01363-4. |
| 122. | Huang YH, Zhang CZ, Huang QS, et al. Clinicopathologic features, tumor immune microenvironment and genomic landscape of Epstein-Barr virus-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(4): 838-849. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.037. |
| 123. | Sasaki M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Cholangiolocellular carcinoma with “ductal plate malformation” pattern may be characterized by ARID1A genetic alterations. Am J Surg Pathol, 2019, 43(3): 352-360. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001201. |
| 124. | 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會病理學組, 中國抗癌協會腫瘤病理專業委員會肝臟病理學組, 上海市抗癌協會腫瘤病理專業委員會. 肝內膽管癌精準檢測專家共識 (2024 版). 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2025, 41(3): 432-441.Group Pathology, Chinese Society of Liver Cancer of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, Liver Pathology Group, Chinese Society of Pathology of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, Tumor Pathology Committee of Shanghai Anti-Cancer Association. Expert consensus on precision detection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (2024 edition). Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2025, 41(3): 432-441. doi: 10.12449/JCH250307. |
| 125. | Kendall T, Verheij J, Gaudio E, et al. Anatomical, histomorphological and molecular classification of cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Int, 2019, 39(Suppl 1): 7-18. doi: 10.1111/liv.14093. |
| 126. | Zou Y, Zhu K, Pang Y, et al. Molecular detection of FGFR2 rearrangements in resected intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas: fish could be an ideal method in patients with histological small duct subtype. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2023, 11(6): 1355-1367. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2022.00060S. |
| 127. | Dong L, Lu D, Chen R, et al. Proteogenomic characterization identifies clinically relevant subgroups of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Cell, 2022, 40(1): 70-87. e15. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.12.006. |
| 128. | Xia Y, Tang W, Qian X, et al. Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab plus apatinib during the perioperative period in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open label, phase Ⅱ clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer, 2022, 10(4): e004656. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004656. |
| 129. | 李俊鋒, 袁靜, 張雯雯, 等. 存活腫瘤細胞比例在初始不可切除肝細胞癌患者轉化序貫外科治療預后評估中的應用. 中華肝膽外科雜志, 2024, 30(4): 241-247.Li JF, Yuan J, Zhang WW, et al. Value of the ratio of viable tumor cells in the prognostic evaluation for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing sequential surgery after conversional therapy. Chin J Hepatobiliary Surg, 2024, 30(4): 241-247. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113884-20240226-00056. |
| 130. | D’Alessio A, Stefanini B, Blanter J, et al. Pathological response following neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a cross-trial, patient-level analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2024, 25(11): 1465-1475. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00457-1. |
| 131. | Wang Z, Fan J, Zhou S, et al. Perioperative camrelizumab plus rivoceranib versus surgery alone in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma at intermediate or high risk of recurrence (CARES-009): a randomised phase 2/3 trial. Lancet, 2025, 406(10515): 2089-2099. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01720-9. |
| 132. | 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會. 中國肝癌多學科綜合治療專家共識(2025 年版). 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2025, 41(7): 1279-1286.Chinese Society of Liver Cancer, Chinese AntiCancer Association. Chinese expert consensus on multidisciplinary treatment of liver cancer (2025). Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2025, 41(7): 1279-1286. doi: 10.12449/JCH250709. |
| 133. | Wang K, Yang Q, Li K, et al. Learning-based early detection of post-hepatectomy liver failure using temporal perioperative data: a nationwide multicenter retrospective study in China. EclinicalMedicine, 2025, 83: 103220. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103220. |
| 134. | Nair G, Hadi A, Gupta K, et al. A comparative study of machine learning models predicting post-hepatectomy liver failure: Enhancing risk estimation in over 25, 000 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program patients. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2025, 29(3): 269-278. doi: 10.14701/ahbps.25-046. |
| 135. | Kang CM, Ku HJ, Moon HH, et al. Predicting safe liver resection volume for major hepatectomy using artificial intelligence. J. Clin. Med., 2024, 13(2): 381. doi: 10.3390/jcm13020381. |
| 136. | Jeong B, Heo S, Lee SS, et al. Predicting post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: nomograms based on deep learning analysis of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol, 2025, 35(5): 2769-2782. doi: 10.1007/s00330-024-11173-w. |
| 137. | Bosch J, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, et al. The clinical use of HVPG measurements in chronic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 6(10): 573-582. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.149. |
| 138. | Chen X, Zhai J, Cai X, et al. Severity of portal hypertension and prediction of postoperative liver failure after liver resection in patients with Child-Pugh grade A cirrhosis. Br J Surg, 2012, 99(12): 1701-1710. doi: 10.1002/bjs.8951. |
| 139. | Zhong J, Ke Y, Gong W, et al. Hepatic resection associated with good survival for selected patients with intermediate and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2014, 260(2): 329-340. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000236. |
| 140. | Xiao H, Zhang B, Mei B, et al. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with portal hypertension: a long-term benefit compared with transarterial chemoembolization and thermal ablation. Medicine, 2015, 94(7): e495. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000495. |
| 141. | Liang T, He Y, Mo S, et al. Predictive value of intra-hepatectomy ICGR15 of the remnant liver for post-hepatectomy liver failure in hemi-hepatectomy: a prospective study. BMC Cancer, 2025, 25(1): 881. doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-14296-5. |
| 142. | Yu T, Ye X, Wen Z, et al. Intraoperative indocyanine green retention test of left hemiliver in decision-making for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing right hepatectomy. Front Surg, 2021, 8: 709017. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.709017. |
| 143. | 中華醫學會外科學分會, 中華醫學會麻醉學分會. 中國加速康復外科臨床實踐指南 (2021 版 ). 中國實用外科雜志, 2021, 41(9): 961-992.Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Anesthesiology, Chinese Medical Association. Clinical practice guidelines for enhanced recovery after surgery in China (2021 edition). Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2021, 41(9): 961-992. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2021.09.01. |
| 144. | Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2006, 243(3): 321-328. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000201480.65519.b8. |
| 145. | Takayama T, Hasegawa K, Izumi N, et al. Surgery versus radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial (SURF trial). Liver Cancer, 2021, 11(3): 209-218. doi: 10.1159/000521665. |
| 146. | Hur MH, Lee JH, Kim JY, et al. Comparison of overall survival between surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation for hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(23): 6009. doi: 10.3390/cancers13236009. |
| 147. | Mohkam K, Dumont PN, Manichon AF, et al. No-touch multibipolar radiofrequency ablation vs. surgical resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma ranging from 2 to 5 cm. J Hepatol, 2018, 68(6): 1172-1180. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.014. |
| 148. | Xu XL, Liu XD, Liang M, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Radiology, 2018, 287(2): 461-472. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2017162756. |
| 149. | Liu PH, Hsu CY, Hsia CY, et al. Surgical resection versus radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma≤2 cm in a propensity score model. Ann Surg, 2016, 263(3): 538-545. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001178. |
| 150. | Feng K, Yan J, Li X, et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2012, 57(4): 794-802. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.007. |
| 151. | Xu Q, Kobayashi S, Ye X, et al. Comparison of hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 16, 103 patients. Sci Rep, 2014, 4: 7252. doi: 10.1038/srep07252. |
| 152. | Xia Y, Li J, Liu G, et al. Long-term effects of repeat hepatectomy vs percutaneous radiofrequency ablation among patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6(2): 255-263. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4477. |
| 153. | Fukami Y, Kaneoka Y, Maeda A, et al. Liver resection for multiple hepatocellular carcinomas: a Japanese nationwide survey. Ann Surg, 2020, 272(1): 145-154. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003192. |
| 154. | Vitale A, Romano P, Cillo U, et al. Liver resection vs nonsurgical treatments for patients with early multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Surg, 2024, 159(8): 881-889. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.1184. |
| 155. | Yin L, Li H, Li AJ, et al. Partial hepatectomy vs. transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for resectable multiple hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan Criteria: a RCT. J Hepatol, 2014, 61(1): 82-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.012. |
| 156. | Torzilli G, Belghiti J, Kokudo N, et al. A snapshot of the effective indications and results of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in tertiary referral centers: is it adherent to the EASL/AASLD recommendations? : an observational study of the HCC East-West study group. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(5): 929-937. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31828329b8. |
| 157. | Hyun MH, Lee Y, Kim JH, et al. Hepatic resection compared to chemoembolization in intermediate- to advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of high-quality studies. Hepatology, 2018, 68(3): 977-993. doi: 10.1002/hep.29883. |
| 158. | Tsilimigras DI, Mehta R, Paredes AZ, et al. Overall tumor burden dictates outcomes for patients undergoing resection of multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria. Ann Surg, 2020, 272(4): 574-581. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004346. |
| 159. | Famularo S, Donadon M, Cipriani F, et al. Hepatectomy versus sorafenib in advanced nonmetastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a real-life multicentric weighted comparison. Ann Surg, 2022, 275(4): 743-752. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005373. |
| 160. | Kokudo T, Hasegawa K, Matsuyama Y, et al. Survival benefit of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein invasion. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(5): 938-943. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.044. |
| 161. | Zhang X, Gao Y, Chen Z, et al. An eastern hepatobiliary surgery hospital/portal vein tumor thrombus scoring system as an aid to decision making on hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus: a multicenter study. Hepatology, 2019, 69(5): 2076-2090. doi: 10.1002/hep.30490. |
| 162. | Govalan R, Lauzon M, Luu M, et al. Comparison of surgical resection and systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: national cancer database analysis. Liver Cancer, 2021, 10(5): 407-418. doi: 10.1159/000515554. |
| 163. | Pawlik TM, Poon RT, Abdalla EK, et al. Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal or hepatic vein invasion: results of a multicenter study. Surgery, 2005, 137(4): 403-410. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.12.012. |
| 164. | Lu J, Zhang XP, Zhong BY, et al. Management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumour thrombosis: comparing east and west. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 4(9): 721-730. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30178-5. |
| 165. | Fan J, Zhou J, Wu ZQ, et al. Efficacy of different treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11(8): 1215-1219. doi:10.3748/wjg. v11.i8.1215. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i8.1215. |
| 166. | Wei X, Jiang Y, Zhang X, et al. Neoadjuvant three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized, open-label, multicenter controlled study. J Clin Oncol, 2019, 37(24): 2141-2151. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.02184. |
| 167. | Zhang Y, Wu JL, Li LQ. Efficacy comparison of optimal treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Hepatol, 2022, 27(1): 100552. doi: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100552. |
| 168. | Li XL, Zhu XD, Cai H, et al. Postoperative α-fetoprotein response predicts tumor recurrence and survival after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis. Surgery, 2019, 165(6): 1161-1167. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.01.009. |
| 169. | Yang J, Tao H, Cai W, et al. Accuracy of actual resected liver volume in anatomical liver resections guided by 3-dimensional parenchymal staining using fusion indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. J Surg Oncol, 2018, 118(7): 1081-1087. doi: 10.1002/jso.25258. |
| 170. | Mise Y, Hasegawa K, Satou S, et al. How has virtual hepatectomy changed the practice of liver surgery? experience of 1194 virtual hepatectomy before liver resection and living donor liver transplantation. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(1): 127-133. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002213. |
| 171. | 中華醫學會數字醫學分會, 中國研究型醫院學會數字智能化專業委員會, 中國醫師協會肝癌專業委員會, 等. 計算機輔助聯合吲哚菁綠分子熒光影像技術在肝臟腫瘤診斷和手術導航中的應用指南(2019 版). 南方醫科大學學報, 2019, 39(10): 1127-1140.Digital Medical Association of Chinese Medical Association, Digital Intelligent Surgery Professional Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Liver Cancer Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, et al. Guidelines for application of computer-assisted indocyanine green molecular fluorescence imaging in diagnosis and surgical navigation of liver tumors (2019). Journal of Southern Medical University, 2019, 39(10): 1127-1140. doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.10.01. |
| 172. | Zeng X, Tao H, Dong Y, et al. Impact of three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology on short-term and long-term outcomes after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity-score-matched and inverse probability of treatment-weighted multicenter study. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(3): 1663-1676. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000001047. |
| 173. | Sheng W, Yuan C, Wu L, et al. Clinical application of a three-dimensional reconstruction technique for complex liver cancer resection. Surg Endosc, 2022, 36(5): 3246-3253. doi: 10.1007/s00464-021-08636-2. |
| 174. | Banchini F, Capelli P, Hasnaoui A, et al. 3-D reconstruction in liver surgery: a systematic review. HPB (Oxford), 2024, 26(10): 1205-1215. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.06.006. |
| 175. | Takamoto T, Ban D, Nara S, et al. Automated three-dimensional liver reconstruction with artificial intelligence for virtual hepatectomy. J Gastrointest Surg, 2022, 26(10): 2119-2127. doi: 10.1007/s11605-022-05415-9. |
| 176. | Huber T, Tripke V, Baumgart J, et al. Computer-assisted intraoperative 3D-navigation for liver surgery: a prospective randomized-controlled pilot study. Ann Transl Med, 2023, 11(10): 346. doi: 10.21037/atm-22-5489. |
| 177. | Hashimoto DA, Rosman G, Rus D, et al. Artificial intelligence in surgery: promises and perils. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(1): 70-76. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002693. |
| 178. | Jiang H, Cao J. Impact of laparoscopic versus open hepatectomy on perioperative clinical outcomes of patients with primary hepatic carcinoma. Chin Med Sci J, 2015, 30(2): 80-83. doi: 10.1016/s1001-9294(15)30016-x. |
| 179. | 中國研究型醫院學會肝膽胰外科專業委員會. 腹腔鏡肝切除術治療肝細胞癌中國專家共識 (2020 版 ). 中華消化外科雜志, 2020, 19(11): 1119-1134.Chinese Research Hospital Association, Society for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery. Chinese expert consensus on laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2020 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2020, 19(11): 1119-1134. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20201029-00682. |
| 180. | Zhu P, Liao W, Zhang WG, et al. A prospective study using propensity score matching to compare long-term survival outcomes after robotic-assisted, laparoscopic, or open liver resection for patients with BCLC stage 0-a hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2023, 277(1): e103-e111. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005380. |
| 181. | Preston WA, Spitofsky NR, Bodzin AS. A contemporary review of robotic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel), 2024, 16(22): 3806. doi: 10.3390/cancers16223806. |
| 182. | Liu R, Abu Hilal M, Wakabayashi G, et al. International experts consensus guidelines on robotic liver resection in 2023. World J Gastroenterol, 2023, 29(32): 4815-4830. doi:10.3748/wjg. v29.i32.4815. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i32.4815. |
| 183. | 夏永祥, 張峰, 李相成, 等. 原發性肝癌 10 966 例外科治療分析. 中華外科雜志, 2021, 59(1): 6-17.Xia YX, Zhang F, Li XC, et al. Surgical treatment of primary liver cancer: a report of 10 966 cases. Chinese Journal of Surgery, 2021, 59(1): 6-17. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20201110-00791. |
| 184. | Zeindler J, Hess GF, von Heesen M, et al. Anatomic versus non-anatomic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma-a European multicenter cohort study in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients. Cancer Med, 2024, 13(5): e6981. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6981. |
| 185. | Feng X, Su Y, Zheng S, et al. A double blinded prospective randomized trial comparing the effect of anatomic versus non-anatomic resection on hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. HPB (Oxford), 2017, 19(8): 667-674. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2017.04.010. |
| 186. | Shi M, Guo RP, Lin XJ, et al. Partial hepatectomy with wide versus narrow resection margin for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(1): 36-43. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000231758.07868.71. |
| 187. | Zhong FP, Zhang YJ, Liu Y, et al. Prognostic impact of surgical margin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Medicine, 2017, 96(37): e8043. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008043. |
| 188. | Yang P, Si A, Yang J, et al. A wide-margin liver resection improves long-term outcomes for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion. Surgery, 2019, 165(4): 721-730. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.09.016. |
| 189. | Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Anterior approach for major right hepatic resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2000, 232(1): 25-31. doi: 10.1097/00000658-200007000-00004. |
| 190. | Zhou C, Peng Y, Zhou K, et al. Surgical resection plus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2019, 8(1): 19-28. doi: 10.21037/hbsn.2018.11.19. |
| 191. | Zhu XD, Huang C, Shen YH, et al. Downstaging and resection of initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and anti-PD-1 antibody combinations. Liver Cancer, 2021, 10(4): 320-329. doi: 10.1159/000514313. |
| 192. | Zhang W, Tong S, Hu B, et al. Lenvatinib plus anti-PD-1 antibodies as conversion therapy for patients with unresectable intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, phase II trial. J Immunother Cancer, 2023, 11(9): e007366. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007366. |
| 193. | Chiang CL, Chan KSK, Chiu KWH, et al. Complete response to locoregional therapy plus immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol, 2024, 10(11): 1548-1553. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.4085. |
| 194. | 中國研究型醫院學會肝膽胰外科專業委員會. 精準肝切除術專家共識. 中華消化外科雜志, 2017, 16(9): 883-893.Chinese Research Hospital Association, Society for Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery. Expert consensus on presicion liver resection. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2017, 16(9): 883-893. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2017.09.001. |
| 195. | Aloia TA. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy: portal vein embolization should remain the gold standard. JAMA Surg, 2015, 150(10): 927-928. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.1646. |
| 196. | Piron L, Deshayes E, Escal L, et al. Embolisation portale préopératoire: présent et futur. Bull Cancer, 2017, 104(5): 407-416. doi: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.03.009. |
| 197. | Ogata S, Belghiti J, Farges O, et al. Sequential arterial and portal vein embolizations before right hepatectomy in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg, 2006, 93(9): 1091-1098. doi: 10.1002/bjs.5341. |
| 198. | Hwang S, Ha T, Ko G, et al. Preoperative sequential portal and hepatic vein embolization in patients with hepatobiliary malignancy. World J Surg, 2015, 39(12): 2990-2998. doi: 10.1007/s00268-015-3194-2. |
| 199. | Dupré A, Hitier M, Peyrat P, et al. Associating portal embolization and artery ligation to induce rapid liver regeneration in staged hepatectomy. Br J Surg, 2015, 102(12): 1541-1550. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9900. |
| 200. | Glantzounis GK, Tokidis E, Basourakos SP, et al. The role of portal vein embolization in the surgical management of primary hepatobiliary cancers. A systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2017, 43(1): 32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.05.026. |
| 201. | Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H, et al. Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(3): 405-414. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824856f5. |
| 202. | Wang Z, Peng Y, Hu J, et al. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy for unresectable hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a single center study of 45 patients. Ann Surg, 2020, 271(3): 534-541. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002942. |
| 203. | Peng Y, Wang Z, Qu X, et al. Transcatheter arterial embolization-salvaged ALPPS, a novel ALPPS procedure especially for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and severe fibrosis/cirrhosis. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2022, 11(4): 504-514. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-21-466. |
| 204. | Li PP, Huang G, Jia NY, et al. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy versus sequential transarterial chemoembolization and portal vein embolization in staged hepatectomy for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized comparative study. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2022, 11(1): 38-51. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-20-264. |
| 205. | Zeng ZM, Huang H, Zhu G, et al. Sequential hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with inadequate future-liver-remnant after portal vein ligation in combination with apatinib plus camrelizumab (PLACES): a single-arm prospective pilot study. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2025. doi:10.21037/hbsn-24-363. [Online ahead of print]. |
| 206. | Zhang Y, Huang G, Wang Y, et al. Is salvage liver resection necessary for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients downstaged by transarterial chemoembolization? ten years of experience. Oncologist, 2016, 21(12): 1442-1449. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0094. |
| 207. | Lyu N, Kong Y, Mu L, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin vs. sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 60-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.008. |
| 208. | He M, Li Q, Zou R, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin vs sorafenib alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2019, 5(7): 953-960. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.0250. |
| 209. | Peng Z, Fan W, Zhu B, et al. Lenvatinib combined with transarterial chemoembolization as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ, randomized clinical trial (LAUNCH). J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(1): 117-127. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00392. |
| 210. | Wu XK, Yang LF, Chen YF, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation combined with lenvatinib plus camrelizumab as conversion therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, multicenter, prospective study. EClinicalMedicine, 2023, 67: 102367. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102367. |
| 211. | Chen Y, Zhang J, Hu W, et al. Envafolimab plus lenvatinib and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective, single-arm, phase Ⅱ study. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2024, 9(1): 280. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01991-1. |
| 212. | Li B, Qiu J, Zheng Y, et al. Conversion to resectability using transarterial chemoembolization combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Open, 2021, 2(2): e057. doi: 10.1097/AS9.0000000000000057. |
| 213. | Byun HK, Kim HJ, Im YR, et al. Dose escalation by intensity modulated radiotherapy in liver-directed concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced BCLC stage C hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiother Oncol, 2019, 133: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.12.025. |
| 214. | Hatanaka T, Kakizaki S, Hiraoka A, et al. Predictive factors and survival outcome of conversion therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving atezolizumab and bevacizumab: Comparative analysis of conversion, partial response and complete response patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2024, 60(10): 1361-1373. doi: 10.1111/apt.18237. |
| 215. | Xu H, Zhang H, Li B, et al. Systemic conversion therapies for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 2024, 24(1): 1008. doi: 10.1186/s12885-024-12772-y. |
| 216. | Li Z, Liu J, Zhang B, et al. Neoadjuvant tislelizumab plus stereotactic body radiotherapy and adjuvant tislelizumab in early-stage resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: the Notable-HCC phase 1b trial. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1): 3260. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47420-3. |
| 217. | Pan H, Zhou L, Cheng Z, et al. Perioperative Tislelizumab plus intensity modulated radiotherapy in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with macrovascular invasion: a phase Ⅱ trial. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1): 9350. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53704-5. |
| 218. | Pinna AD, Tian Y, Mazzaferro V, et al. Liver transplantation and hepatic resection can achieve cure for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(5): 868-875. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002889. |
| 219. | Tsilimigras DI, Bagante F, Moris D, et al. Recurrence patterns and outcomes after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma within and beyond the Barcelona clinic liver cancer criteria. Ann Surg Oncol, 2020, 27(7): 2321-2331. doi: 10.1245/s10434-020-08452-3. |
| 220. | Chan AWH, Zhong J, Berhane S, et al. Development of pre and post-operative models to predict early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(6): 1284-1293. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.027. |
| 221. | Wu JC, Huang YH, Chau GY, et al. Risk factors for early and late recurrence in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2009, 51(5): 890-897. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.07.009. |
| 222. | Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol, 2003, 38(2): 200-207. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00360-4. |
| 223. | Hu J, Tang H, Jia CC, et al. Personalized MRD assessment in perisurgical ctDNA for prognostic prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2025, 31(6): 1047-1056. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-1897. |
| 224. | Ma T, Bai X, Zhang Q, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma following curative resection: a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial. Hepatology, 2025, 82(5): 1112-1121. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000001233. |
| 225. | Wang Z, Ren Z, Chen Y, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: a randomized controlled study. Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 24(9): 2074-2081. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2899. |
| 226. | Wei W, Jian P, Li S, et al. Adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with solitary tumor and microvascular invasion: a randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Cancer Commun, 2018, 38(1): 61. doi: 10.1186/s40880-018-0331-y. |
| 227. | Peng Z, Fan W, Liu Z, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization with sorafenib for portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg, 2024, 159(6): 616-624. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.0506. |
| 228. | Fan Z, Jin M, Zhang L, et al. From clinical variables to multiomics analysis: a margin morphology-based gross classification system for hepatocellular carcinoma stratification. Gut, 2023, 72(11): 2149-2163. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330461. |
| 229. | Li SH, Mei J, Cheng Y, et al. Postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX in hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a multicenter, phase Ⅲ, randomized study. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(10): 1898-1908. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.01142. |
| 230. | Lee JH, Lee JH, Lim YS, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2015, 148(7): 1383-1391. e6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.055. |
| 231. | He C, Peng W, Li C, et al. Thymalfasin, a promising adjuvant therapy in small hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection. Medicine, 2017, 96(16): e6606. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006606. |
| 232. | Chen Q, Shu C, Laurence AD, et al. Effect of Huaier granule on recurrence after curative resection of HCC: a multicentre, randomised clinical trial. Gut, 2018, 67(11): 2006-2016. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-315983. |
| 233. | Huang G, Li P, Lau WY, et al. Antiviral therapy reduces hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in patients with low HBV-DNA levels: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(6): 943-954. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002727. |
| 234. | Wu J, Yin Z, Cao L, et al. Adjuvant pegylated interferon therapy improves the survival outcomes in patients with hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a meta-analysis. Medicine, 2018, 97(28): e11295. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011295. |
| 235. | Singal AG, Lim JK, Kanwal F. AGA clinical practice update on interaction between oral direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: expert review. Gastroenterology, 2019, 156(8): 2149-2157. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.046. |
| 236. | Wang K, Xiang Y, Yu HM, et al. Adjuvant sintilimab in resected high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, controlled, phase 2 trial. Nat Med, 2024, 30(3): 708-715. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02786-7. |
| 237. | Yopp A, Kudo M, Chen M, et al. LBA39 Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave050: Phase Ⅲ study of adjuvant atezolizumab (atezo) + bevacizumab (bev) vs active surveillance in patients (pts) with resected or ablated high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ann Oncol, 2024, 35: S1230. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.08.2279. |
| 238. | Sapisochin G, Bruix J. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: outcomes and novel surgical approaches. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2017, 14(4): 203-217. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.193. |
| 239. | Fan J, Yang GS, Fu ZR, et al. Liver transplantation outcomes in 1, 078 hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a multi-center experience in Shanghai, China. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2009, 135(10): 1403-1412. doi: 10.1007/s00432-009-0584-6. |
| 240. | Zheng SS, Xu X, Wu J, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Hangzhou experiences. Transplantation, 2008, 85(12): 1726-1732. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31816b67e4. |
| 241. | Li J, Yan LN, Yang J, et al. Indicators of prognosis after liver transplantation in Chinese hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol, 2009, 15(33): 4170-4176. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4170. |
| 242. | 邵卓, 楊廣順, 楊寧, 等. 三亞共識在原發性肝癌肝移植治療中的運用. 中國實用外科雜志, 2008, 28(6): 466-469.Shao Z, Yang GS, Yang N, et al. Application of Sanya Criteria in the treatment of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2008, 28(6): 466-469. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2208.2008.06.018. |
| 243. | Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2023, 78(6): 1922-1965. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000466. |
| 244. | Norman JS, Li PJ, Kotwani P, et al. AFP-L3 and DCP strongly predict early hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol, 2023, 79(6): 1469-1477. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.08.020. |
| 245. | Mehta N, Kotwani P, Norman J, et al. AFP-L3 and DCP are superior to AFP in predicting waitlist dropout in HCC patients: Results of a prospective study. Liver Transpl, 2023, 29(10): 1041-1049. doi: 10.1097/LVT.0000000000000149. |
| 246. | Kulik L, Heimbach JK, Zaiem F, et al. Therapies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma awaiting liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 2018, 67(1): 381-400. doi: 10.1002/hep.29485. |
| 247. | Lee S, Kim KW, Song GW, et al. The real impact of bridging or downstaging on survival outcomes after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(6): 721-733. doi: 10.1159/000507887. |
| 248. | Mazzaferro V, Citterio D, Bhoori S, et al. Liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma after tumor downstaging (XXL): a randomized, controlled, phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(7): 947-956. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30224-2. |
| 249. | Mehta N, Guy J, Frenette CT, et al. Excellent outcomes of liver transplantation following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma to within Milan criteria: a multicenter study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 16(6): 955-964. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.11.037. |
| 250. | Tabrizian P, Holzner ML, Mehta N, et al. Ten-year outcomes of liver transplant and downstaging for hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Surg, 2022, 157(9): 779-788. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2800. |
| 251. | Mehta N, Frenette C, Tabrizian P, et al. Downstaging outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma: results from the multicenter evaluation of reduction in tumor size before liver transplantation (MERITS-LT) consortium. Gastroenterology, 2021, 161(5): 1502-1512. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.07.033. |
| 252. | Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Yeo YH, Wang TL, et al. Impact of pre-transplant immune checkpoint inhibitor use on post-transplant outcomes in HCC: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. J Hepatol, 2025, 82(1): 107-119. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.06.042. |
| 253. | Wang Z, Huang X, Shi Y, et al. Auxiliary liver transplantation using otherwise-discarded liver allograft combined with associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy for unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2025, 14(4): 683-688. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-2025-392. |
| 254. | Sposito C, Cucchetti A, Mazzaferro V. Assessing competing risks for death following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci, 2019, 64(4): 1001-1007. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05538-1. |
| 255. | Mehta N, Heimbach J, Harnois DM, et al. Validation of a risk estimation of tumor recurrence after transplant (RETREAT) score for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplant. JAMA Oncol, 2017, 3(4): 493-500. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5116. |
| 256. | Tran BV, Moris D, Markovic D, et al. Development and validation of a REcurrent Liver cAncer Prediction ScorE (RELAPSE) following liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of the US Multicenter HCC Transplant Consortium. Liver Transpl, 2023, 29(7): 683-697. doi: 10.1097/LVT.0000000000000145. |
| 257. | Segev DL, Sozio SM, Shin EJ, et al. Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(4): 512-525. doi: 10.1002/lt.21396. |
| 258. | Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Tsochatzis E, Naveas MC, et al. Reduced exposure to calcineurin inhibitors early after liver transplantation prevents recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2013, 59(6): 1193-1199. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.012. |
| 259. | Schnitzbauer AA, Filmann N, Adam R, et al. mTOR inhibition is most beneficial after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with active tumors. Ann Surg, 2020, 272(5): 855-862. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004280. |
| 260. | Filgueira NA. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation: Risk factors, screening and clinical presentation. World J Hepatol, 2019, 11(3): 261-272. doi:10.4254/wjh. v11.i3.261. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i3.261. |
| 261. | Bodzin AS, Lunsford KE, Markovic D, et al. Predicting mortality in patients developing recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: impact of treatment modality and recurrence characteristics. Ann Surg, 2017, 266(1): 118-125. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001894. |
| 262. | Au KP, Chok KSH. Multidisciplinary approach for post-liver transplant recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: a proposed management algorithm. World J Gastroenterol, 2018, 24(45): 5081-5094. doi:10.3748/wjg. v24.i45.5081. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i45.5081. |
| 263. | Iavarone M, Invernizzi F, Czauderna C, et al. Preliminary experience on safety of regorafenib after sorafenib failure in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant, 2019, 19(11): 3176-3184. doi: 10.1111/ajt.15551. |
| 264. | Lee DD, Sapisochin G, Mehta N, et al. Surveillance for HCC after liver transplantation: increased monitoring may yield aggressive treatment options and improved postrecurrence survival. Transplantation, 2020, 104(10): 2105-2112. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003117. |
| 265. | Shi GM, Wang J, Huang XW, et al. Graft programmed death ligand 1 expression as a marker for transplant rejection following anti-programmed death 1 immunotherapy for recurrent liver tumors. Liver Transpl, 2021, 27(3): 444-449. doi: 10.1002/lt.25887. |
| 266. | He Y, Huang X, Huang X, et al. Graft PD-L1 as a predictive marker for rejection in PD-1 inhibitor therapy for recurrent liver tumors after transplant: a prospective pilot trial. Liver Transpl, 2026, 32(2): 135-143. doi: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000719. |
| 267. | Zhong JH, Xing BC, Zhang WG, et al. Repeat hepatic resection versus radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: retrospective multicenter study. Br J Surg, 2021, 109(1): 71-78. doi: 10.1093/bjs/znab340. |
| 268. | Wang Z, Liu M, Zhang DZ, et al. Microwave ablation versus laparoscopic resection as first-line therapy for solitary 3-5-cm HCC. Hepatology, 2022, 76(1): 66-77. doi: 10.1002/hep.32323. |
| 269. | Li L, Zhang J, Liu X, et al. Clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 27(1): 51-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06947.x. |
| 270. | Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z, et al. A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg, 2010, 252(6): 903-912. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181efc656. |
| 271. | Feng Q, Chi Y, Liu Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 23 studies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2015, 141(1): 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s00432-014-1708-1. |
| 272. | Chen QW, Ying HF, Gao S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation plus chemoembolization versus radiofrequency ablation alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2016, 40(3): 309-314. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.07.008. |
| 273. | Zhang YJ, Chen MS, Chen Y, et al. Long-term outcomes of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation as an initial treatment for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(9): e2126992. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26992. |
| 274. | Peng ZW, Zhang YJ, Chen MS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(4): 426-432. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.9936. |
| 275. | Wang L, Ke Q, Lin N, et al. The efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization combined with microwave ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyperthermia, 2019, 36(1): 1288-1296. doi: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1692148. |
| 276. | Zhou C, Zhang X, Peng Y, et al. Surgical resection plus radiofrequency ablation versus radical surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis. J Cancer, 2019, 10(17): 3933-3940. doi: 10.7150/jca.29501. |
| 277. | Zhuang BW, Li W, Wang W, et al. Treatment effect of radiofrequency ablation versus liver transplantation and surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria: a population-based study. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(7): 5379-5389. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07551-9. |
| 278. | Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M, et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Is resection still the treatment of choice?. Hepatology, 2008, 47(1): 82-89. doi: 10.1002/hep.21933. |
| 279. | Peng ZW, Lin XJ, Zhang YJ, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas 2 cm or smaller: a retrospective comparative study. Radiology, 2012, 262(3): 1022-1033. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11110817. |
| 280. | Vietti Violi N, Duran R, Guiu B, et al. Efficacy of microwave ablation versus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: a randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 3(5): 317-325. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30029-3. |
| 281. | An C, Li WZ, Huang ZM, et al. Small single perivascular hepatocellular carcinoma: comparisons of radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation by using propensity score analysis. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(7): 4764-4773. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07571-5. |
| 282. | Yu J, Yu XL, Han ZY, et al. Percutaneous cooled-probe microwave versus radiofrequency ablation in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ randomized controlled trial. Gut, 2017, 66(6): 1172-1173. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312629. |
| 283. | Tan W, Deng Q, Lin S, et al. Comparison of microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyperthermia, 2019, 36(1): 264-272. doi: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1562571. |
| 284. | Yu J, Cheng ZG, Han ZY, et al. Period-dependent survival benefit of percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a 12-year real-world, multicentric experience. Liver Cancer, 2022, 11(4): 341-353. doi: 10.1159/000522134. |
| 285. | 亞洲冷凍治療學會, 中國醫藥教育協會介入微創治療專業委員會, 山東省醫師協會腫瘤介入醫師分會. 影像引導肝癌的冷凍消融治療專家共識(2020 版). 中國醫刊, 2020, 55(5): 489-492.Asian Cryotherapy Society, Interventional Minimally Invasive Treatment Professional Committee of China Medical Education Association, Tumor Interventional Physician Branch of Shandong Medical Association. Expert consensus on image-guided cryoablation of liver cancer (2020 edition). Chin J Med, 2020, 55(5): 489-492. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1070.2020.05.008. |
| 286. | Xu M, Xie LT, Xiao YY, et al. Chinese clinical practice guidelines for ultrasound-guided irreversible electroporation of liver cancer (version 2022). Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2022, 21(5): 462-471. doi: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.08.006. |
| 287. | Cheng C, Xu M, Pan J, et al. A multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial protocol to evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation compared with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol, 2024, 22(1): 332. doi: 10.1186/s12957-024-03614-z. |
| 288. | Lin SM, Lin CJ, Lin CC, et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, and percutaneous acetic acid injection to treat hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less. Gut, 2005, 54(8): 1151-1156. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.045203. |
| 289. | Hasegawa K, Aoki T, Ishizawa T, et al. Comparison of the therapeutic outcomes between surgical resection and percutaneous ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2014, 21(Suppl 3): S348-S355. doi: 10.1245/s10434-014-3585-x. |
| 290. | Ahmed M, Solbiati L, Brace CL, et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria: a 10-year update. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2014, 25(11): 1691-1705. e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.08.027. |
| 291. | Liu FY, Qi EP, Wang XP, et al. Preliminary application of robot-assisted teleultrasound-guided interventional system. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2025, 50(6): 2626-2633. doi: 10.1007/s00261-024-04719-5. |
| 292. | Zhang K, Ru J, Wang W, et al. Vision transformer-based model can optimize curative-intent treatment for patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1): 4081. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-59197-0. |
| 293. | Du Z, Fan F, Ma J, et al. Development and validation of an ultrasound-based interpretable machine learning model for the classification of ≤3 cm hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre retrospective diagnostic study. EClinicalMedicine, 2025, 81: 103098. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103098. |
| 294. | Dong L, Cheng Z, Liu F, et al. Dynamic changes in liver volume calculated using a three-dimensional visualisation system after microwave ablation of hepatocellular carcinomas. Med Phys, 2022, 49(7): 4613-4621. doi: 10.1002/mp.15641. |
| 295. | Wang Z, Zhang H, Meng Q, et al. A multicenter case-controlled study on laparoscopic hepatectomy versus microwave ablation as first-line therapy for 3-5 cm hepatocellular carcinoma in patients aged 60 and older. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(3): 1356-1366. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000839. |
| 296. | Yang Q, Wei J, Hao X, et al. Improving B-mode ultrasound diagnostic performance for focal liver lesions using deep learning: a multicentre study. EBioMedicine, 2020, 56: 102777. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102777. |
| 297. | 中國抗癌協會腫瘤介入專家委員會. 經導管動脈灌注化療藥物應用原則: 中國腫瘤介入專家共識. 介入放射學雜志, 2017, 26(11): 963-970.Tumor Intervention Expert Committee of Chinese AntiCancer Association. Chinese tumor intervention expert consensus on the application principles of transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy. Journal of Interventional Radiology, 2017, 26(11): 963-970. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2017.11.001. |
| 298. | Lencioni R, de Baere T, Soulen MC, et al. Lipiodol transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of efficacy and safety data. Hepatology, 2016, 64(1): 106-116. doi: 10.1002/hep.28453. |
| 299. | Pelletier G, Ducreux M, Gay F, et al. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol chemoembolization: a multicenter randomized trial. Groupe CHC. J Hepatol, 1998, 29(1): 129-134. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80187-6. |
| 300. | Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2002, 35(5): 1164-1171. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.33156. |
| 301. | Llovet JM, Real MI, Monta?a X, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2002, 359(9319): 1734-1739. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08649-X. |
| 302. | Cammà C, Schepis F, Orlando A, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology, 2002, 224(1): 47-54. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2241011262. |
| 303. | Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology, 2003, 37(2): 429-442. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50047. |
| 304. | 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會臨床診療指南專委會. 中國肝細胞癌經動脈化療栓塞(TACE) 治療臨床實踐指南(2023年版). 中華 醫學 雜志, 2023, 103(34): 2674-2694.Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists. Chinese clinical practice guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma (2023 edition). National Medical Journal of China, 2023, 103(34): 2674-2694. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230630-01114. |
| 305. | 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會臨床診療指南專委會. 中國肝細胞癌經動脈化療栓塞(TACE)治療臨床實踐指南(2021 年版). 中華內科雜志, 2021, 60(7): 599-614.Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists. Chinese clinical practice guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine, 2021, 60(7): 599-614. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210425-00991. |
| 306. | 郭志, 滕皋軍, 鄒英華, 等. 載藥微球治療原發性和轉移性肝癌的技術操作推薦. 中華放射學雜志, 2019, 53(5): 336-340.Guo Z, Teng GJ, Zou YH, et al. Transarterial treatment of primary and secondary liver cancer with drug? eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization: technical recommendations. Chinese Journal of Radiology, 2019, 53(5): 336-340. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2019.05.002. |
| 307. | Shao G, Zou Y, Lucatelli P, et al. Chinese expert consensus on technical recommendations for the standard operation of drug-eluting beads for transvascular embolization. Ann Transl Med, 2021, 9(8): 714. doi: 10.21037/atm-21-1678. |
| 308. | Liang B, Makamure J, Shu S, et al. Treatment response, survival, and safety of transarterial chemoembolization with CalliSpheres (?) microspheres versus conventional transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Front Oncol, 2021, 11: 576232. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.576232. |
| 309. | Miyayama S, Matsui O. Superselective conventional transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale, technique, and outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2016, 27(9): 1269-1278. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.04.014. |
| 310. | wazawa J, Ohue S, Hashimoto N, et al. Survival after C-arm CT-assisted chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol, 2012, 81(12): 3985-3992. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.08.012. |
| 311. | Takayasu K, Arii S, Ikai I, et al. Overall survival after transarterial lipiodol infusion chemotherapy with or without embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2010, 194(3): 830-837. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.3308. |
| 312. | Miyayama S, Matsui O, Yamashiro M, et al. Ultraselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with a 2-f tip microcatheter for small hepatocellular carcinomas: relationship between local tumor recurrence and visualization of the portal vein with iodized oil. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2007, 18(3): 365-376. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2006.12.004. |
| 313. | de Baere T, Ronot M, Chung JW, et al. Initiative on superselective conventional transarterial chemoembolization results (INSPIRE). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2022, 45(10): 1430-1440. doi: 10.1007/s00270-022-03233-9. |
| 314. | Zhong BY, Jia ZZ, Song HY, et al. Precision transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: patient selection, standardized techniques, and quantitative evaluation. HepatoBiliary Surg Nutr, 2025. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-24-545. [Online ahead of print]. |
| 315. | Prajapati HJ, Spivey JR, Hanish SI, et al. mRECIST and EASL responses at early time point by contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI predict survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated by doxorubicin drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization (DEB TACE). Ann Oncol, 2013, 24(4): 965-973. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds605. |
| 316. | Xia D, Wang Q, Bai W, et al. Optimal time point of response assessment for predicting survival is associated with tumor burden in hepatocellular carcinoma receiving repeated transarterial chemoembolization. Eur Radiol, 2022, 32(9): 5799-5810. doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-08716-4. |
| 317. | Kim BK, Kim KA, Park JY, et al. Prospective comparison of prognostic values of modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours with European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria in hepatocellular carcinoma following chemoembolisation. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(4): 826-834. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.08.022. |
| 318. | Memon K, Kulik L, Lewandowski RJ, et al. Radiographic response to locoregional therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma predicts patient survival times. Gastroenterology, 2011, 141(2): 526-535. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.054. |
| 319. | Lu J, Zhao M, Arai Y, et al. Clinical practice of transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: consensus statement from an international expert panel of International Society of Multidisciplinary Interventional Oncology (ISMIO). Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2021, 10(5): 661-671. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-21-260. |
| 320. | Terzi E, Golfieri R, Piscaglia F, et al. Response rate and clinical outcome of HCC after first and repeated cTACE performed “on demand”. J Hepatol, 2012, 57(6): 1258-1267. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.025. |
| 321. | Lu J, Guo JH, Ji JS, et al. Irradiation stent with 125 I plus TACE versus sorafenib plus TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a multicenter randomized trial. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(5): 1188-1198. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000295. |
| 322. | Luo JJ, Zhang ZH, Liu QX, et al. Endovascular brachytherapy combined with stent placement and TACE for treatment of HCC with main portal vein tumor thrombus. Hepatol Int, 2016, 10(1): 185-195. doi: 10.1007/s12072-015-9663-8. |
| 323. | Lu J, Guo JH, Zhu HD, et al. Safety and efficacy of irradiation stent placement for malignant portal vein thrombus combined with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2017, 28(6): 786-794. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.02.014. |
| 324. | 胡鴻濤, 黎海亮, 郭晨陽, 等. 125I 粒子植入聯合動脈化學栓塞治療原發性肝癌合并門靜脈癌栓. 中華放射學雜志, 2012, 46(6): 552-556.Hu HT, Li HL, Guo CY, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined 125iodine seed implantation for primary hepatic carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus thrombosis. Chinese Journal of Radiology, 2012, 46(6): 552-556. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2012.06.016. |
| 325. | Zhang ZH, Zhang W, Gu JY, et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus with the use of iodine-125 seed strand implantation and transarterial chemoembolization: a propensity-score analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2018, 29(8): 1085-1093. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.02.013. |
| 326. | Yang SB, Zhang JH, Fu YF, et al. TACE with portal vein radioactive seeds for HCC with portal vein tumor thrombus: a meta-analysis. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol, 2022, 31(6): 856-864. doi: 10.1080/13645706.2022.2045326. |
| 327. | Si ZM, Wang GZ, Qian S, et al. Combination therapies in the management of large (≥5 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: microwave ablation immediately followed by transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2016, 27(10): 1577-1583. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.02.014. |
| 328. | Lewis AR, Padula CA, McKinney JM, et al. Ablation plus transarterial embolic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 3 cm: science, evidence, and future directions. Semin Intervent Radiol, 2019, 36(4): 303-309. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1697641. |
| 329. | Morimoto M, Numata K, Kondou M, et al. Midterm outcomes in patients with intermediate-sized hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial for determining the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Cancer, 2010, 116(23): 5452-5460. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25314. |
| 330. | Yuan P, Wang F, Zhu G, et al. The clinical efficiency of TACE combined with simultaneous computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs, 2021, 39(5): 1383-1388. doi: 10.1007/s10637-021-01101-w. |
| 331. | Huo YR, Eslick GD. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization plus radiotherapy compared with chemoembolization alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol, 2015, 1(6): 756-765. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.2189. |
| 332. | 中華醫學會放射腫瘤學分會, 中國生物醫學工程學會精確放療分會肝癌學組與消化系統腫瘤專家委員會, 中國研究型醫院學會放射腫瘤學分會肝癌學組. 2016 年原發性肝癌放療共識. 中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2016, 25(11): 1141-1150.Radiation Oncology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Expert Committee on Liver Cancer and Digestive System of China Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Liver Cancer Research Group of Radiation Oncology Branch of China Research Hospital. Consensus on radiation therapy for primary liver cancer in 2016. Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology, 2016, 25(11): 1141-1150. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1004-4221.2016.11.001. |
| 333. | Kim Y, Stahl CC, Makramalla A, et al. Downstaging therapy followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan criteria. Surgery, 2017, 162(6): 1250-1258. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.08.007. |
| 334. | Shi F, Wu M, Lian SS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation following downstaging of hepatocellular carcinoma by using transarterial chemoembolization: long-term outcomes. Radiology, 2019, 293(3): 707-715. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2019181991. |
| 335. | Wu JY, Yin ZY, Bai YN, et al. Lenvatinib combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2021, 8: 1233-1240. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S332420. |
| 336. | Chiang CL, Chiu KWH, Chan KSK, et al. Sequential transarterial chemoembolisation and stereotactic body radiotherapy followed by immunotherapy as conversion therapy for patients with locally advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (START-FIT): a single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 8(2): 169-178. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00339-9. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00339-9. |
| 337. | Li L, Li B, Zhang M. Postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization improves the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with microvascular invasion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Radiol, 2020, 61(6): 723-731. doi: 10.1177/0284185119878357. |
| 338. | Esagian SM, Kakos CD, Giorgakis E, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization following curative-intent hepatectomy versus hepatectomy alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(12): 2984. doi: 10.3390/cancers13122984. |
| 339. | Huang J, Huang W, Zhan M, et al. Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization combined with FOLFOX-based hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for large or huge hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2021, 8: 1445-1458. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S339379. |
| 340. | Wang Q, Xia D, Bai W, et al. Development of a prognostic score for recommended TACE candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre observational study. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(5): 893-903. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.013. |
| 341. | Wang Z, Wang E, Bai W, et al. Exploratory Analysis to Identify Candidates Benefitting from Combination Therapy of Transarterial Chemoembolization and Sorafenib for First-Line Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study. Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(3): 308-325. doi: 10.1159/000505692. |
| 342. | Xia D, Bai W, Wang E, et al. Lenvatinib with or without concurrent drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a real-world, multicenter, retrospective study. Liver Cancer, 2022, 11(4): 368-382. doi: 10.1159/000523849. |
| 343. | Li L, Xu X, Wang W, et al. Safety and efficacy of PD-1 inhibitor (sintilimab) combined with transarterial chemoembolization as the initial treatment in patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma beyond up-to-seven criteria. J Immunother Cancer, 2025, 13(1): e010035. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2024-010035. |
| 344. | Zhu HD, Li HL, Huang MS, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization with PD-(L)1 inhibitors plus molecular targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (CHANCE001). Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1): 58. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01235-0. |
| 345. | Jin ZC, Zhong BY, Chen JJ, et al. Real-world efficacy and safety of TACE plus camrelizumab and apatinib in patients with HCC (CHANCE2211): a propensity score matching study. Eur Radiol, 2023, 33(12): 8669-8681. doi: 10.1007/s00330-023-09754-2. |
| 346. | Dong J, Han G, Ogasawara S, et al. LBA2 TALENTACE: a phase Ⅲ, open-label, randomized study of on-demand transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with atezolizumab + bevacizumab (Atezo+Bev) or on-demand TACE alone in patients with systemically untreated, intermediate-to-high burden unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). Ann Oncol, 2025, 36: S62. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2025.05.542. |
| 347. | Kudo M, Ren Z, Guo Y, et al. Transarterial chemoembolisation combined with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus dual placebo for unresectable, non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (LEAP-012): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet, 2025, 405(10474): 203-215. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02575-3. |
| 348. | Sangro B, Kudo M, Erinjeri JP, et al. Durvalumab with or without bevacizumab with transarterial chemoembolisation in hepatocellular carcinoma (EMERALD-1): a multiregional, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet, 2025, 405(10474): 216-232. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02551-0. |
| 349. | ang JW, Choi JY, Bae SH, et al. Transarterial chemo-lipiodolization can reactivate hepatitis B virus replication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2004, 41(3): 427-435. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.05.014. |
| 350. | 中華醫學會感染病學分會, 中華醫學會肝病學分會. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019 年版 ). 臨床 肝膽 病雜 志 , 2019, 35(12): 2648-2669. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.12.007.Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Hepatology , Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (version 2019) . Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2019, 35(12): 2648-2669. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.12.007. |
| 351. | Kudo M, Ueshima K, Yokosuka O, et al. Sorafenib plus low-dose cisplatin and fluorouracil hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (SILIUS): a randomised, open label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 3(6): 424-432. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30078-5. |
| 352. | 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會. 肝動脈灌注化療治療肝細胞癌中國專家共識(2021 版 ). 中華消化外科雜志, 2021, 20(7): 754-759.Chinese Society of Liver Cancer, China Anti-Cancer Association. Chinese expert consensus on hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2021 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2021, 20(7): 754-759. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20210618-00288. |
| 353. | Li QJ, He MK, Chen HW, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus transarterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(2): 150-160. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.00608. |
| 354. | Lyu N, Wang X, Li JB, et al. Arterial chemotherapy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, randomized, phase Ⅲ trial (FOHAIC-1). J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(5): 468-480. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01963. |
| 355. | Lai Z, Huang Y, Wen D, et al. One day versus two days of hepatic arterial infusion with oxaliplatin and fluorouracil for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Med, 2022, 20(1): 415. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02608-6. |
| 356. | 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會轉化治療協作組. 肝癌轉化治療中國專家共識(2021 版 ). 中華消化外科雜志, 2021, 20(6): 600-616.Alliance of Liver Cancer Conversion Therapy, Committee of Liver Cancer of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association. Chinese expert consensus on conversion therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (2021 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2021, 20(6): 600-616. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20210512-00223. |
| 357. | Lai Z, He M, Bu X, et al. Lenvatinib, toripalimab plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with high-risk advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, phase Ⅱ trial. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 174: 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.07.005. |
| 358. | Zhang W, Zhao X, Gao W, et al. Conversion study of hepatocellular carcinoma using HAIC combined with lenvatinib and PD-1/L1 immunotherapy under the guidance of BCLC staging. Front Immunol, 2025, 16: 1596864. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1596864. |
| 359. | 徐立, 陳敏山, 胡自力. 肝動脈灌注化療在肝癌轉化治療中的作用. 中國實用外科雜志, 2021, 41(3): 272-275.Xu L, Chen MS, Hu ZL. The role of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in conversion therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2021, 41(3): 272-275. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2021.03.07. |
| 360. | 陳敏山, 元云飛, 郭榮平, 等. 肝動脈灌注化療在肝癌轉化治療中的應用: 中山大學腫瘤防治中心的經驗總結. 中國醫學前沿雜志: 電子版, 2021, 13(3): 70-76.Chen MS, Yuan YF, Guo RP, et al. Application of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in the conversion therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: experience of Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center. Chinese Journal of the Frontiers of Medical Science: Electronic Version, 2021, 13(3): 70-76. doi: 10.12037/YXQY.2021.03-11. |
| 361. | Yuan Y, He W, Yang Z, et al. TACE-HAIC combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy versus TACE alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombus: a propensity score matching study. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(5): 1222-1230. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000256. |
| 362. | Li S, Zhong C, Li Q, et al. Neoadjuvant transarterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX could improve outcomes of resectable BCLC stage A/B hepatocellular carcinoma patients beyond Milan criteria: an interim analysis of a multi-center, phase 3, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4008. doi: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.4008. |
| 363. | Ahmadzadehfar H, Ilhan H, Lam MGEH, et al. Radioembolization, principles and indications. Nuklearmedizin, 2022, 61(3): 262-272. doi: 10.1055/a-1759-4238. |
| 364. | Young S, Flanagan S, D'Souza D, et al. Lung shunt fraction calculations before Y-90 transarterial radioembolization: Comparison of accuracy and clinical significance of planar scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2023, 104(4): 185-191. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2022.12.002. |
| 365. | 中國抗癌協會腫瘤介入學專業委員會, 國家衛生健康委能力建設和繼續教育中心介入醫學專家委員會. 釔 90 微球管理專家共識. 中國介入影像與治療學, 2021, 18(6): 321-325. doi: 10.13929/j.issn.1672-8475.2021.06.001.Chinese Society of Interventional Oncology, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; Expert Committee of Interventional Medicine , National Health Commission Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center. Experts’ consensus on management of yttrium-90 microspheres. Chinese Journal of Interventional Imaging and Therapy, 2021, 18(6): 321-325. doi: 10.13929/j.issn.1672-8475.2021.06.001. |
| 366. | 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會臨床診療指南專委會, 中國研究型醫院學會肝膽胰外科專業委員會. 釔-90 微球選擇性內放射治療肝臟惡性腫瘤規范化操作專家共 識 (2024 版 ). 中華 消化 外科 雜志, 2024, 23(2): 165-178.Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventiona-lists, Chinese Research Hospital Association, Society for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery. Expert consensus on the standardized procedure of selective internal radiation therapy with Yttrium-90 microspheres for liver malignancies (2024 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2024, 23(2): 165-178. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20231025-00164. |
| 367. | Liu DM, Leung TW, Chow PK, et al. Clinical consensus statement: Selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium 90 resin microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia. Int J Surg, 2022, 102: 106094. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106094. |
| 368. | Mertens A, Essing T, Minko P, et al. Selective internal radiotherapy in Germany: a review of indications and hospital mortality from 2012 to 2019. J Clin Transl Res, 2023, 9(2): 123-132. |
| 369. | Salem R, Johnson GE, Kim E, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for the treatment of solitary, unresectable HCC: the LEGACY study. Hepatology, 2021, 74(5): 2342-2352. doi: 10.1002/hep.31819. |
| 370. | Kim E, Sher A, Abboud G, et al. Radiation segmentectomy for curative intent of unresectable very early to early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (RASER): a single-centre, single-arm study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 7(9): 843-850. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00091-7. |
| 371. | Vardar BU, Meram E, Karaoglu K, et al. Radioembolization followed by transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cureus, 2022, 14(4): e23783. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23783. |
| 372. | Tai D, Loke K, Gogna A, et al. Radioembolisation with Y90-resin microspheres followed by nivolumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CA 209-678): a single arm, single centre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 6(12): 1025-1035. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00305-8. |
| 373. | Bin Lee Y, Nam JY, Cho EJ, et al. A phase I/IIa trial of yttrium-90 radioembolization in combination with durvalumab for locally advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2023, 29(18): 3650-3658. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-0581. |
| 374. | Yu S, Yu M, Keane B, et al. A pilot study of pembrolizumab in combination with Y90 radioembolization in subjects with poor prognosis hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncologist, 2024, 29(3): 270-e413. doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad331. |
| 375. | Long Y, Liang Y, Li S, et al. Therapeutic outcome and related predictors of stereotactic body radiotherapy for small liver-confined HCC: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Radiat Oncol, 2021, 16(1): 68. doi: 10.1186/s13014-021-01761-1. |
| 376. | Chen YX, Zhuang Y, Yang P, et al. Helical IMRT-based stereotactic body radiation therapy using an abdominal compression technique and modified fractionation regimen for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2020, 19: 1533033820937002. doi: 10.1177/1533033820937002. |
| 377. | Chino F, Stephens SJ, Choi SS, et al. The role of external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer. Cancer, 2018, 124(17): 3476-3489. doi: 10.1002/cncr.31334. |
| 378. | Hara K, Takeda A, Tsurugai Y, et al. Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma results in comparable survival to radiofrequency ablation: a propensity score analysis. Hepatology, 2019, 69(6): 2533-2545. doi: 10.1002/hep.30591. |
| 379. | Jang WI, Bae SH, Kim MS, et al. A phase 2 multicenter study of stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Safety and efficacy. Cancer, 2020, 126(2): 363-372. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32502. |
| 380. | Kim N, Cheng J, Jung I, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy vs. radiofrequency ablation in Asian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(1): 121-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.005. |
| 381. | Su TS, Liang P, Liang J, et al. Long-term survival analysis of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus liver resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2017, 98(3): 639-646. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.095. |
| 382. | Wahl DR, Stenmark MH, Tao Y, et al. Outcomes after stereotactic body radiotherapy or radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(5): 452-459. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.4925. |
| 383. | Xi M, Yang Z, Hu L, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for recurrent small hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, open-label, controlled trial. J Clin Oncol, 2025, 43(9): 1073-1082. doi: 10.1200/JCO-24-01532. |
| 384. | Zheng DX, Chen YX, Sun J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective, single-arm, multi-center study. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 2024, 46: 100767. doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2024.100767. |
| 385. | Chen Y, Hu Y, Shen J, et al. External beam radiation therapy after transarterial chemoembolization versus transarterial chemoembolization alone for treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase 3 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2025, 121(2): 414-422. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.09.021. |
| 386. | Comito T, Loi M, Franzese C, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy after incomplete transarterial (chemo-) embolization (TAE\TACE) versus exclusive TAE or TACE for treatment of inoperable HCC: a phase Ⅲ trial (NCT02323360). Curr Oncol, 2022, 29(11): 8802-8813. doi: 10.3390/curroncol29110692. |
| 387. | Yoon SM, Kim SY, Lim YS, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for small (≤5 Cm) hepatocellular carcinoma not amenable to curative treatment: Results of a single-arm, phase Ⅱ clinical trial. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2020, 26(4): 506-515. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0038. |
| 388. | Meng MB, Cui YL, Lu Y, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol, 2009, 92(2): 184-194. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.11.002. |
| 389. | Ohri N, Dawson LA, Krishnan S, et al. Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: new indications and directions for future study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2016, 108(9): djw133. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djw133. |
| 390. | Yoon SM, Ryoo BY, Lee SJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization plus external beam radiotherapy vs sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(5): 661-669. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.5847. |
| 391. | Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, et al. A comparison of treatment combinations with and without radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena Cava tumor thrombus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2005, 61(2): 432-443. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.05.025. |
| 392. | Shen LJ, Xi M, Zhao L, et al. Combination therapy after TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion: stereotactic body radiotherapy versus sorafenib. Cancers (Basel), 2018, 10(12): 516. doi: 10.3390/cancers10120516. |
| 393. | Wei Z, Zhao J, Bi X, et al. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a systematic review. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2022, 11(5): 709-717. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-20-854. |
| 394. | Sun J, Yang L, Shi J, et al. Postoperative adjuvant IMRT for patients with HCC and portal vein tumor thrombus: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Radiother Oncol, 2019, 140: 20-25. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.05.006. |
| 395. | Su K, Gu T, Xu K, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a propensity score matching study. Hepatol Int, 2022, 16(4): 858-867. doi: 10.1007/s12072-022-10339-2. |
| 396. | Guo L, Wei X, Feng S, et al. Radiotherapy prior to or after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Int, 2022, 16(6): 1368-1378. doi: 10.1007/s12072-022-10423-7. |
| 397. | Choi SH, Lee BM, Kim J, et al. Efficacy of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in patients with oligometastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅱ study. J Hepatol, 2024, 81(1): 84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.003. |
| 398. | Rim CH, Park S, Yoon WS, et al. Radiotherapy for bone metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma: a hybrid systematic review with meta-analyses. Int J Radiat Biol, 2023, 99(3): 419-430. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2094020. |
| 399. | Jihye C, Jinsil S. Application of radiotherapeutic strategies in the BCLC-defined stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2012, 1(3/4): 216-225. doi: 10.1159/000343836. |
| 400. | Soliman H, Ringash J, Jiang H, et al. Phase Ⅱ trial of palliative radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(31): 3980-3986. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.49.9202. |
| 401. | Wong TC, Lee VH, Law AL, et al. Prospective study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma on waitlist for liver transplant. Hepatology, 2021, 74(5): 2580-2594. doi: 10.1002/hep.31992. |
| 402. | Sapisochin G, Barry A, Doherty M, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy vs. TACE or RFA as a bridge to transplant in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An intention-to-treat analysis. J Hepatol, 2017, 67(1): 92-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.022. |
| 403. | Wu F, Chen B, Dong D, et al. Phase 2 evaluation of neoadjuvant intensity-modulated radiotherapy in centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma: a nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Surg, 2022, 157(12): 1089-1096. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.4702. |
| 404. | Chen B, Wu JX, Cheng SH, et al. Phase 2 study of adjuvant radiotherapy following narrow-margin hepatectomy in patients with HCC. Hepatology, 2021, 74(5): 2595-2604. doi: 10.1002/hep.31993. |
| 405. | Shi C, Li Y, Geng L, et al. Adjuvant stereotactic body radiotherapy after marginal resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 166: 176-184. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.02.012. |
| 406. | Wang WH, Wang Z, Wu JX, et al. Survival benefit with IMRT following narrow-margin hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma close to major vessels. Liver Int, 2015, 35(12): 2603-2610. doi: 10.1111/liv.12857. |
| 407. | Wang L, Wang W, Rong W, et al. Postoperative adjuvant treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a non-randomized interventional clinical study. BMC Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 614. doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-07087-7. |
| 408. | Chen J, He K, Han Y, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of external radiotherapy combined with sorafenib in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol, 2022, 27(4): 100710. doi: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100710. |
| 409. | Dawson LA, Winter KA, Knox JJ, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy vs sorafenib alone in hepatocellular carcinoma: the NRG oncology/RTOG 1112 phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2025, 11(2): 136-144. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.5403. |
| 410. | Dong A, Zhu M, Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy of radiation plus transarterial chemoembolization and lenvatinib in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Front Oncol, 2023, 13: 1320818. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1320818. |
| 411. | Munoz-Schuffenegger P, Barry A, Atenafu EG, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with Macrovascular invasion. Radiother Oncol, 2021, 156: 120-126. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.11.033. |
| 412. | Chang WI, Kim BH, Kim YJ, et al. Role of radiotherapy in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 37(2): 387-394. doi: 10.1111/jgh.15722. |
| 413. | Li H, Wu ZY, Chen JL, et al. External radiotherapy combined with sorafenib has better efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med, 2023, 23(5): 1537-1549. doi: 10.1007/s10238-022-00972-4. |
| 414. | Brade AM, Ng S, Brierley J, et al. Phase 1 trial of sorafenib and stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol, 2016, 94(3): 580-587. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.11.048. |
| 415. | Wang H, Zhu X, Zhao Y, et al. Phase 1 trial of apatinib combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 2022, 22(1): 771. doi: 10.1186/s12885-022-09819-3. |
| 416. | Huang Y, Zhang Z, Liao W, et al. Combination of sorafenib, camrelizumab, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, and stereotactic body radiation therapy as a novel downstaging strategy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a case series study. Front Oncol, 2021, 11: 650394. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650394. |
| 417. | Li J, Xuan S, Dong P, et al. Immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: recent progress and new strategy. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1192506. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192506. |
| 418. | Kimura T, Fujiwara T, Kameoka T, et al. The current role of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cancers, 2022, 14(18): 4383. doi: 10.3390/cancers14184383. |
| 419. | Zhong L, Wu D, Peng W, et al. Safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with palliative radiotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol, 2021, 11: 686621. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.686621. |
| 420. | Chen YX, Yang P, Du SS, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with sintilimab in patients with recurrent or oligometastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅱ clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol, 2023, 29(24): 3871-3882. doi:10.3748/wjg. v29.i24.3871. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i24.3871. |
| 421. | Wang Q, Ji X, Sun J, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with lenvatinib with or without PD-1 inhibitors as initial treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2024, 120(5): 1363-1376. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.03.035. |
| 422. | Zhu M, Liu Z, Chen S, et al. Sintilimab plus bevacizumab combined with radiotherapy as first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 study. Hepatology, 2024, 80(4): 807-815. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000776. |
| 423. | Bujold A, Massey CA, Kim JJ, et al. Sequential phase I and Ⅱ trials of stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(13): 1631-1639. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.1659. |
| 424. | 曾昭沖. 肝細胞癌的立體定向放射治療. 中華腫瘤雜志, 2015, 37(9): 650-652.Zeng ZC. Stereotactic radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Oncology, 2015, 37(9): 650-652. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2015.09.004. |
| 425. | He J, Shi S, Ye L, et al. A randomized trial of conventional fraction versus hypofraction radiotherapy for bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer, 2019, 10(17): 4031-4037. doi: 10.7150/jca.28674. |
| 426. | Hou JZ, Zeng ZC, Wang BL, et al. High dose radiotherapy with image-guided hypo-IMRT for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena Cava tumor thrombi is more feasible and efficacious than conventional 3D-CRT. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2016, 46(4): 357-362. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyv205. |
| 427. | Zhang H, Chen Y, Hu Y, et al. Image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy improves short-term survival for abdominal lymph node metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Palliat Med, 2019, 8(5): 717-727. doi: 10.21037/apm.2019.11.17. |
| 428. | Byun HK, Kim HJ, Im YR, et al. Dose escalation in radiotherapy for incomplete transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Strahlenther Onkol, 2020, 196(2): 132-141. doi: 10.1007/s00066-019-01488-9. |
| 429. | D’Avola D, Granito A, Torre-Aláez M, et al. The importance of liver functional reserve in the non-surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(5): 1185-1198. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.013. |
| 430. | Hu Y, Zhou YK, Chen YX, et al. 4D-CT scans reveal reduced magnitude of respiratory liver motion achieved by different abdominal compression plate positions in patients with intrahepatic tumors undergoing helical tomotherapy. Med Phys, 2016, 43(7): 4335. doi: 10.1118/1.4953190. |
| 431. | Song SH, Jeong WK, Choi D, et al. Evaluation of early treatment response to radiotherapy for HCC using pre- and post-treatment MRI. Acta Radiol, 2019, 60(7): 826-835. doi: 10.1177/0284185118805253. |
| 432. | Gatti M, Maino C, Darvizeh F, et al. Role of gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma after locoregional treatment. World J Gastroenterol, 2022, 28(26): 3116-3131. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3116. |
| 433. | Sanuki-Fujimoto N, Takeda A, Ohashi T, et al. CT evaluations of focal liver reactions following stereotactic body radiotherapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis: relationship between imaging appearance and baseline liver function. Br J Radiol, 2010, 83(996): 1063-1071. doi: 10.1259/bjr/74105551. |
| 434. | 郝光遠, 龐軍, 陳燕, 等. 原發性肝癌立體定向消融放療后 CT 影像學隨訪觀察. 臨床軍醫雜志, 2014, 42(4): 393-395.Hao GY, Pang J, Chen Y, et al. CT appearances of primary hepatic carcinoma after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy. Clinical Journal of Medical Officers, 2014, 42(4): 393-395. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-3826.2014.04.21. |
| 435. | Guha C, Kavanagh BD. Hepatic radiation toxicity: avoidance and amelioration. Semin Radiat Oncol, 2011, 21(4): 256-263. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2011.05.003. |
| 436. | Zeng ZC, Seong J, Yoon SM, et al. Consensus on stereotactic body radiation therapy for small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma at the 7th Asia-Pacific primary liver cancer expert meeting. Liver Cancer, 2017, 6(4): 264-274. doi: 10.1159/000475768. |
| 437. | Kim TH, Koh YH, Kim BH, et al. Proton beam radiotherapy vs. radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase Ⅲ trial. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(3): 603-612. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.026. |
| 438. | Bian H, Zheng JS, Nan G, et al. Randomized trial of [131I] metuximab in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2014, 106(9): dju239. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dju239. |
| 439. | 中華醫學會核醫學分會轉移性骨腫瘤治療工作委員會. 氯化鍶[89Sr]治療轉移性骨腫瘤專家共識 (2017 年版 ). 中華核醫學與分子影像雜志, 2018, 38(6): 412-415.The Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine Working Committee for Treatment of Bone Metastasis. Expert consensus on strontium-89 chloride treatment of bone metastases (2017). Chinese Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 2018, 38(6): 412-415. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.06.008. |
| 440. | Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(20): 1894-1905. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915745. |
| 441. | Cheng AL, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave150: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs. sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(4): 862-873. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.030. |
| 442. | Yau T, Galle PR, Decaens T, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus lenvatinib or sorafenib as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 9DW): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2025, 405(10492): 1851-1864. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00403-9. |
| 443. | Qin S, Gu S, Chan SL, et al. Camrelizumab plus rivoceranib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (CARES-310): final analysis of a randomised, open-label, international, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol, 2025, 26(12): 1598-1611. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(25)00543-1. |
| 444. | Ren Z, Xu J, Bai Y, et al. Sintilimab plus a bevacizumab biosimilar (IBI305) versus sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (ORIENT-32): a randomised, open-label, phase 2-3 study. Lancet Oncol, 2021, 22(7): 977-990. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00252-7. |
| 445. | Xu J, Zhang Y, Wang G, et al. SCT-I10A combined with a bevacizumab biosimilar (SCT510) versus sorafenib in the first-line treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase 3 trial. J Clin Oncol, 2024, 42(16_suppl): 4092. doi: 10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.4092. |
| 446. | Shi Y, Han G, Zhou J, et al. Toripalimab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPATORCH): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2025, 10(7): 658-670. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(25)00059-7. |
| 447. | Zhou J, Bai L, Luo J, et al. Anlotinib plus penpulimab versus sorafenib in the first-line treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (APOLLO): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2025, 26(6): 719-731. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(25)00190-1. |
| 448. | Qin S, Bi F, Gu S, et al. Donafenib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, open-label, parallel-controlled phase Ⅱ - Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(27): 3002-3011. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.00163. |
| 449. | Kudo M, Finn RS, Qin S, et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2018, 391(10126): 1163-1173. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30207-1. |
| 450. | Qin S, Kudo M, Meyer T, et al. Tislelizumab vs sorafenib as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2023, 9(12): 1651-1659. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4003. |
| 451. | Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(4): 378-390. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708857. |
| 452. | Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10(1): 25-34. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70285-7. |
| 453. | Pressiani T, Boni C, Rimassa L, et al. Sorafenib in patients with Child-Pugh class A and B advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective feasibility analysis. Ann Oncol, 2013, 24(2): 406-411. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds343. |
| 454. | Qin S, Bai Y, Lim HY, et al. Randomized, multicenter, open-label study of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin versus doxorubicin as palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from Asia. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(28): 3501-3508. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.5643. |
| 455. | Qin S, Cheng Y, Liang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of the FOLFOX4 regimen versus doxorubicin in Chinese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a subgroup analysis of the EACH study. Oncologist, 2014, 19(11): 1169-1178. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0190. |
| 456. | Abou-Alfa GK, Lau G, Kudo M, et al. Plain language summary of the HIMALAYA study: tremelimumab and durvalumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Future Oncol, 2023, 19(38): 2505-2516. doi: 10.2217/fon-2023-0486. |
| 457. | Rimassa L, Chan SL, Sangro B, et al. Five-year overall survival update from the HIMALAYA study of tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable HCC. J Hepatol, 2025, 83(4): 899-908. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.03.033. |
| 458. | Hong X, Guo Y, Shi W, et al. Donafenib combined with sintilimab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a single arm phase Ⅱ trial. BMC Cancer, 2025, 25(1): 205. doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-13605-2. |
| 459. | Fan J, Qin S, Zhou J, et al. 1495P Iparomlimab and tuvonralimab (QL1706) plus bevacizumab and/or chemotherapy in first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Updated data from the phase Ⅱ part of DUBHE-H-308 study. Ann Oncol, 2025, 36: S833. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2025.08.2125. |
| 460. | Bruix J, Qin S, Merle P, et al. Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2017, 389(10064): 56-66. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32453-9. |
| 461. | Qin S, Li Q, Gu S, et al. Apatinib as second-line or later therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHELP): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 6(7): 559-568. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00109-6. |
| 462. | Zhu AX, Kang YK, Yen CJ, et al. Ramucirumab after sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and increased α-fetoprotein concentrations (REACH-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(2): 282-296. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30937-9. |
| 463. | Shao G, Bai Y, Yuan X, et al. Ramucirumab as second-line treatment in Chinese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and elevated alpha-fetoprotein after sorafenib (REACH-2 China): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind study. eClinicalMedicine, 2022, 54: 101679. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101679. |
| 464. | Qin S, Chen Z, Fang W, et al. Pembrolizumab versus placebo as second-line therapy in patients from Asia with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, double-blind, phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(7): 1434-1443. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00620. |
| 465. | Qin S, Ren Z, Meng Z, et al. Camrelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(4): 571-580. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30011-5. |
| 466. | Xu J, Shen J, Gu S, et al. Camrelizumab in combination with apatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (RESCUE): a nonrandomized, open-label, phase Ⅱ trial. Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27(4): 1003-1011. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2571. |
| 467. | Xu J, Zhang Y, Jia R, et al. Anti-PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 combined with apatinib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric, or esophagogastric junction cancer: an open-label, dose escalation and expansion study. Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 25(2): 515-523. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2484. |
| 468. | Ren Z, Ducreux M, Abou-Alfa GK, et al. Tislelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (RATIONALE-208): a multicenter, non-randomized, open-label, phase 2 trial. Liver Cancer, 2022, 12(1): 72-84. doi: 10.1159/000527175. |
| 469. | Yau T, Kang YK, Kim TY, et al. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: the CheckMate 040 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6(11): e204564. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.4564. |
| 470. | Abou-Alfa GK, Meyer T, Cheng AL, et al. Cabozantinib in patients with advanced and progressing hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(1): 54-63. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1717002. |
| 471. | Seymour L, Bogaerts J, Perrone A, et al. iRECIST: guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(3): e143-e152. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30074-8. |
| 472. | 蔡定芳. 病證辨治創建中國中西結合臨床醫學體系. 中國中西醫結合雜志, 2019, 39(9): 1034-1035.Cai DF. Establishing a Chinese-Western integrated clinical medical system for disease diagnosis and treatment. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 2019, 39(9): 1034-1035. doi: 10.7661/j.cjim.20190815.241. |
| 473. | 蔡定芳. 論病證結合臨床診療模式. 中國中西醫結合雜志, 2019, 39(2): 133-135.Cai DF. On diagnosis and treatment pattern based on combination of disease identification and syndrome typing. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 2019, 39(2): 133-135. doi: 10.7661/j.cjim.20190114.040. |
| 474. | Sun Y, Qin SK, Li W, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, phase Ⅲ study of icaritin versus Huachashu as the first-line therapy in biomarker-enriched HBV-related advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with poor conditions: Interim analysis result. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4077. doi: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.4077. |
| 475. | Qin SK, Li Q, Xu JM, et al. Icaritin-induced immunomodulatory efficacy in advanced hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: Immunodynamic biomarkers and overall survival. Cancer Sci, 2020, 111(11): 4218-4231. doi: 10.1111/cas.14641. |
| 476. | Yu Z, Guo J, Hu M, et al. Icaritin exacerbates mitophagy and synergizes with doxorubicin to induce immunogenic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(4): 4816-4828. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00708. |
| 477. | 成遠, 華海清. 欖香烯治療原發性肝癌的研究進展. 臨床腫瘤學雜志, 2017, 22(10): 950-953.Cheng Y, Hua HQ. Research progress on anti-hepatoma mechanisms and clinical application of β-elemene. Chinese Clinical Oncology, 2017, 22(10): 950-953. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0460.2017.10.018. |
| 478. | 范隼, 李慶源, 周志濤, 等. TACE 聯合金龍膠囊治療原發性肝癌的效果研究. 中國實用醫藥, 2019, 14(21): 42-44. |
| 479. | 高繼良. 肝復樂方劑治療晚期原發性肝癌的前瞻性、隨機對照臨床研究. 中國中藥雜志, 2014, 39(12): 2367-2369.Gao JL. Prospective randomized controlled study on advanced primary hepatic cancer treated by Ganfule prescription. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2014, 39(12): 2367-2369. doi: 10.4268/cjcmm20141243. |
| 480. | 路大鵬, 王玉強, 趙衛林, 等. 康萊特聯合肝動脈化療栓塞術治療肝癌的臨床研究. 世界臨床醫學, 2017, 11(5): 70.Lu DP, Wang YQ, Zhao WL, et al. Clinical study of Kanglaite combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of liver cancer. The World Clinical Medicine, 2017, 11(5): 70. |
| 481. | Zheng DH, Yang JM, Wu JX, et al. Cidan capsule in combination with adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization reduces recurrence rate after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Chin J Integr Med, 2023, 29(1): 3-9. doi: 10.1007/s11655-022-3537-4. |
| 482. | 國際肝膽胰協會中國分會, 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會, 中國研究型醫院學會肝膽胰外科專業委員會, 等. 乙肝病毒相關肝細胞癌抗病毒治療中國專家共識( 2023 版 ). 中華消化外科雜志, 2023, 22(1): 29-41.The Chinese Chapter of International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Chinese Society of Liver Cancer, Society for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery of Chinese Research Hospital Association, et al. Chinese expert consensus on antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (2023 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2023, 22(1): 29-41. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20221024-00612. |
| 483. | 中華醫學會肝病學分會, 中華醫學會感染病學分會. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南( 2022 年版 ). 中華肝臟病雜志, 2022, 30(12): 1309-1331.Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (version 2022). Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 2022, 30(12): 1309-1331. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20221204-00607. |
| 484. | 中華醫學會肝病學分會, 中華醫學會感染病學分會. 丙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版). 中華傳染病雜 志, 2023, 41(1): 29-46.Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C (2022 version). Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2023, 41(1): 29-46. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311365-20230217-00045. |
| 485. | 中國臨床腫瘤學會指南工作委員會. 中國臨床腫瘤學會(CSCO)腫瘤放化療相關中性粒細胞減少癥規范化管理指南 (2021). 臨床腫瘤學雜志, 2021, 26(7): 638-648.Guidelines Committee of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO)guidelines for standardized management of tumor chemoradiotherapy-related neutropenia (Version 2021). Chinese Clinical Oncology, 2021, 26(7): 638-648. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0460.2021.07.011. |
| 486. | 中華醫學會血液學分會血栓與止血學組. 促血小板生成藥物臨床應用管理中國專家共識(2023年版). 中華血液學雜志, 2023, 44(7): 535-542.Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Chinese Society of Hematology, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on the clinical application of recombinant human thrombopoiein and thrombopoiein receptor agonist (2023). Chinese Journal of Hematology, 2023, 44(7): 535-542. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2023.07.002. |
| 487. | 國家感染性疾病臨床醫學研究中心, 北京醫學會肝病學分會, 中國老年學和老年醫學學會轉化醫學分會, 等. 肝病相關血小板減少癥臨床管理中國專家共識. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(10): 2307-2320.National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases; Society of Hepatology, Beijing Medical Association; Translational Medicine Branch, Chinese Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, et al. Chinese expert consensus on clinical management of hepatopathy-related thrombocytopenia. Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2023, 39(10): 2307-2320. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.10.007. |
| 488. | Aziz H, Kwon YIC, Park A, et al. Comprehensive review of clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg, 2024, 28(8): 1357-1369. doi: 10.1016/j.gassur.2024.05.018. |
| 489. | Xia F, Huang Z, Zhang Q, et al. Hepatectomy for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma classified as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0/A: The optimal treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2022, 48(9): 2014-2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2022.05.006. |
| 490. | Zhang SY, Guo DZ, Zhang X, et al. Prognosis of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2023, 149(11): 8889-8896. doi: 10.1007/s00432-023-04774-3. |
| 491. | Su JY, Wang HL, Luo DW, et al. Comparison of post-resection survival between hepatocellular carcinoma patients in BCLC stage A or B who experience tumor rupture and patients in BCLC stage C who do not. Heliyon, 2024, 10(5): e27355. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27355. |
| 492. | Ni Q, Jia H, Zhang Y, et al. Treatment and prognosis study of spontaneous rupture hemorrhage in hepatocellular carcinoma: Recommendations for adding the A1 stage to the BCLC staging system. Cancer Med, 2024, 13(10): e6952. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6952. |
| 493. | Zhang W, Huang Z, Che X. Emergency versus delayed hepatectomy following transarterial embolization in spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2022, 20(1): 365. doi: 10.1186/s12957-022-02832-7. |
| 494. | Zhang FQ, Li L, Huang PC, et al. Transarterial embolization with hepatectomy for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol, 2022, 31(5): 676-683. doi: 10.1080/13645706.2021.1986724. |
| 495. | Zheng YJ, Li DL, Luo D, et al. Early versus delayed hepatectomy for spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Invest Surg, 2021, 34(11): 1214-1222. doi: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1792009. |
| 496. | 茆麗娜, 董艷彬, 張忠滿, 等. 急診可切除破裂出血肝癌患者治療策略的選擇及預后因素分析. 介入放射學雜 志, 2022, 31(6): 572-576.Mao LN, Dong YB, Zhang ZM, et al. Emergency treatment strategies for patients with resectable ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma and analysis of prognostic factors. Journal of Interventional Radiology, 2022, 31(6): 572-576. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2022.06.010. |
| 497. | 龔程, 田銀生, 劉爽. 不同時間窗手術治療原發性肝癌自發破裂出血患者 2 年生存率比較. 實用肝臟病雜志, 2023, 26(2): 274-277.Gong C, Tian YS, Liu S. Comparison of two-year survivals in primary liver cancer patients with spontaneous tumor rupture underwent hepatectomy at early or late operation time windows. Journal of Practical Hepatology, 2023, 26(2): 274-277. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2023.02.031. |
| 498. | Ji J, Zhou C, Yan LL, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization plus tyrosinkinase inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors for spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2024, 47(3): 299-309. doi: 10.1007/s00270-023-03653-1. |
| 499. | Miyata T, Sugi K, Horino T, et al. Conversion surgery after atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for primary and peritoneal metastasis after hepatocellular carcinoma rupture. Anticancer Res, 2023, 43(2): 943-947. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.16239. |
| 500. | Liang Y, Ruan T, He J, et al. Long-term survival in a patient with ruptured advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with nutritional therapy combined with apatinib and camrelizumab: a case report. Discov Oncol, 2025, 16(1): 378. doi: 10.1007/s12672-025-02099-w. |
| 501. | Huang A, Guo DZ, Wang YP, et al. The treatment strategy and outcome for spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience in 239 patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2022, 148(11): 3203-3214. doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-03916-3. |
| 502. | Park J, Jeong YS, Suh YS, et al. Clinical course and role of embolization in patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 999557. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.999557. |
| 503. | Roussel E, Bubenheim M, Le Treut YP, et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis risk and long-term survival following hepatectomy for spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma rupture: results of a multicenter French study (FRENCH-AFC). Ann Surg Oncol, 2020, 27(9): 3383-3392. doi: 10.1245/s10434-020-08442-5. |
| 504. | Kim HL, An J, Park JA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging is cost-effective for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in high-risk patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology, 2019, 69(4): 1599-1613. doi: 10.1002/hep.30330. |
| 505. | Sangiovanni A, Manini MA, Iavarone M, et al. The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut, 2010, 59(5): 638-644. doi: 10.1136/gut.2009.187286. |
| 506. | Kim DH, Yoon JH, Choi MH, et al. Comparison of non-contrast abbreviated MRI and ultrasound as surveillance modalities for HCC. J Hepatol, 2024, 81(3): 461-470. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.048. |
| 507. | Zhang Y, Sheng R, Qian X, et al. Deep learning empowered gadolinium-free contrast-enhanced abbreviated MRI for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep, 2025, 7(5): 101392. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101392. |
| 508. | Zhou J, Huang A, Yang XR. Liquid biopsy and its potential for management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2016, 47(2): 157-167. doi: 10.1007/s12029-016-9801-0. |
| 509. | Zhou Y, Wang B, Wu J, et al. Association of preoperative EpCAM circulating tumor cells and peripheral Treg cell levels with early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following radical hepatic resection. BMC Cancer, 2016, 16: 506. doi: 10.1186/s12885-016-2526-4. |
| 510. | Sun YF, Xu Y, Yang XR, et al. Circulating stem cell-like epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive tumor cells indicate poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Hepatology, 2013, 57(4): 1458-1468. doi: 10.1002/hep.26151. |
| 511. | Guo W, Yang XR, Sun YF, et al. Clinical significance of EpCAM mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma by an optimized negative enrichment and qRT-PCR-based platform. Clin Cancer Res, 2014, 20(18): 4794-4805. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0251. |
| 512. | Zheng WJ, Wang PX, Sun YF, et al. Uncovering the heterogeneity and clinical relevance of circulating tumor-initiating cells in hepatocellular carcinoma using an integrated immunomagnetic-microfluidic platform. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14(32): 36425-36437. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c09085. |
| 513. | Sun YF, Guo W, Xu Y, et al. Circulating tumor cells from different vascular sites exhibit spatial heterogeneity in epithelial and mesenchymal composition and distinct clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 24(3): 547-559. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-1063. |
| 514. | Sun YF, Wang PX, Cheng JW, et al. Postoperative circulating tumor cells: an early predictor of extrahepatic metastases in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing curative surgical resection. Cancer Cytopathol, 2020, 128(10): 733-745. doi: 10.1002/cncy.22304. |
| 515. | Zhou KQ, Sun YF, Cheng JW, et al. Effect of surgical margin on recurrence based on preoperative circulating tumor cell status in hepatocellular carcinoma. eBioMedicine, 2020, 62: 103107. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103107. |
| 516. | Wang PX, Xu Y, Sun YF, et al. Detection of circulating tumour cells enables early recurrence prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Int, 2021, 41(3): 562-573. doi: 10.1111/liv.14734. |
| 517. | Huang A, Zhang X, Zhou SL, et al. Plasma circulating cell-free DNA integrity as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and surveillance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer, 2016, 7(13): 1798-1803. doi: 10.7150/jca.15618. |
| 518. | Huang A, Zhao X, Yang XR, et al. Circumventing intratumoral heterogeneity to identify potential therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2017, 67(2): 293-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.005. |
| 519. | Huang A, Zhang X, Zhou SL, et al. Detecting circulating tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma patients using droplet digital PCR is feasible and reflects intratumoral heterogeneity. J Cancer, 2016, 7(13): 1907-1914. doi: 10.7150/jca.15823. |
| 520. | Fujii Y, Ono A, Hayes CN, et al. Identification and monitoring of mutations in circulating cell-free tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 40(1): 215. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02016-3. |
| 521. | Gao Q, Zeng Q, Wang Z, et al. Circulating cell-free DNA for cancer early detection. Innovation (Camb), 2022, 3(4): 100259. doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100259. |
| 522. | Li W, Zhang X, Lu X, et al. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in circulating cell-free DNA as diagnostic biomarkers for human cancers. Cell Res, 2017, 27(10): 1243-1257. doi: 10.1038/cr.2017.121. |
| 523. | Gao Q, Lin YP, Li BS, et al. Unintrusive multi-cancer detection by circulating cell-free DNA methylation sequencing (THUNDER): development and independent validation studies. Ann Oncol, 2023, 34(5): 486-495. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.02.010. |
| 524. | Wang P, Song Q, Ren J, et al. Simultaneous analysis of mutations and methylations in circulating cell-free DNA for hepatocellular carcinoma detection. Sci Transl Med, 2022, 14(672): eabp8704. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp8704. |
| 525. | Zhang S, Liu Y, Chen J, et al. Autoantibody signature in hepatocellular carcinoma using seromics. J Hematol Oncol, 2020, 13(1): 85. doi: 10.1186/s13045-020-00918-x. |
| 526. | Hang D, Yang X, Lu J, et al. Untargeted plasma metabolomics for risk prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in two Chinese cohorts. Int J Cancer, 2022, 151(12): 2144-2154. doi: 10.1002/ijc.34229. |
| 527. | Waqar W, Asghar S, Manzoor S. Platelets’ RNA as biomarker trove for differentiation of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma from underlying cirrhotic nodules. PLoS One, 2021, 16(9): e0256739. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256739. |
| 528. | Wang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang Z, et al. Characteristics and clinical significance of T-cell receptor repertoire in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 847263. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847263. |
| 529. | Zhang Q, Ye M, Lin C, et al. Mass cytometry-based peripheral blood analysis as a novel tool for early detection of solid tumours: a multicentre study. Gut, 2023, 72(5): 996-1006. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327496. |
| 530. | Marks LB, Yorke ED, Jackson A, et al. Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76(3 Suppl): S10-S19. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1754. |
| 531. | Pan CC, Kavanagh BD, Dawson LA, et al. Radiation-associated liver injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76(3 Suppl): S94-S100. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.06.092. |
| 532. | Chon YE, Seong J, Kim BK, et al. Gastroduodenal complications after concurrent chemoradiation therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: endoscopic findings and risk factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(5): 1343-1351. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.1986. |
| 533. | Hanna GG, Murray L, Patel R, et al. UK consensus on normal tissue dose constraints for stereotactic radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2018, 30(1): 5-14. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2017.09.007. |
- 1. Han BF, Zheng RS, Zeng HM, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2024, 4(1): 47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jncc.2024.01.006.
- 2. Zeng H, Zheng R, Sun K, et al. Cancer survival statistics in China 2019-2021: a multicenter, population-based study. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2024, 4(3): 203-213. doi: 10.1016/j.jncc.2024.06.005.
- 3. Shan T, Ran X, Li H, et al. Disparities in stage at diagnosis for liver cancer in China. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2023, 3(1): 7-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.12.002.
- 4. Rumgay H, Ferlay J, de Martel C, et al. Global, regional and national burden of primary liver cancer by subtype. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 161: 108-118. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.11.023.
- 5. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(4): 383-394. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026.
- 6. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(4): 401-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015.
- 7. Andrews JC, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation: determinants of a recommendation’s direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol, 2013, 66(7): 726-735. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003.
- 8. American Society of Clinical Oncology. ASCO Guidelines Methodology Manual. (2021-09-09) [2023-12-15]. Available at: https://cdn.bfldr.com/KOIHB2Q3/as/qr3pjw3xfmq2svntp76hpbm/Guidelines-Method ology-Manual.
- 9. Chan SL, Sun HC, Xu Y, et al. The Lancet Commission on addressing the global hepatocellular carcinoma burden: comprehensive strategies from prevention to treatment. Lancet, 2025, 406(10504): 731-778. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01042-6.
- 10. Tang S, Huang T, Tang R, et al. EASL 2025 indications revisited: phase-specific outcomes with and without nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gut, 2025. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2025-335449. [Online ahead of print].
- 11. Fan R, Papatheodoridis G, Sun J, et al. aMAP risk score predicts hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(6): 1368-1378. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.025.
- 12. Fan R, Chen L, Zhao S, et al. Novel, high accuracy models for hepatocellular carcinoma prediction based on longitudinal data and cell-free DNA signatures. J Hepatol, 2023, 79(4): 933-944. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.039.
- 13. Guo L, Hao X, Chen L, et al. Early warning of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients by three-phase CT-based deep learning radiomics model: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. EClinicalMedicine, 2024, 74: 102718. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102718.
- 14. Choi J, Kim GA, Han S, et al. Longitudinal assessment of three serum biomarkers to detect very early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2019, 69(5): 1983-1994. doi: 10.1002/hep.30233.
- 15. Zeng H, Cao M, Xia C, et al. Performance and effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma screening in individuals with HBsAg seropositivity in China: a multicenter prospective study. Nat Cancer, 2023, 4(9): 1382-1394. doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00618-8.
- 16. 中華醫學會肝病學分會. 代謝相關(非酒精性)脂肪性肝病防治指南(2024 年版). 中華 肝臟 病雜 志, 2024, 32(5): 418-434.Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Guideline for the prevention and treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (version 2024). Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 2024, 32(5): 418-434. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20240428-00162.
- 17. 郝新, 樊蓉, 郭亞兵, 等. 創建醫院社區一體化 “金字塔” 肝癌篩查模式, 實現肝癌早篩早診早治. 中華肝臟病雜志, 2021, 29(4): 289-292.Hao X, Fan R, Guo YB, et al. Establishing an integrated hospital-community pyramid for screening and achieving hepatocellular carcinoma early diagnosis and treatment. Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 2021, 29(4): 289-292. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210408-00174-1.
- 18. Dong Y, Wang WP, Lee WJ, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound features of histopathologically proven hepatocellular carcinoma in the non-cirrhotic liver: a multicenter study. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2022, 48(9): 1797-1805. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.05.005.
- 19. Fan PL, Xia HS, Ding H, et al. Characterization of early hepatocellular carcinoma and high-grade dysplastic nodules on contrast-enhanced ultrasound: correlation with histopathologic findings. J Ultrasound Med, 2020, 39(9): 1799-1808. doi: 10.1002/jum.15288.
- 20. Shen YT, Yue WW, Xu HX. Non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis of combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2023, 48(6): 2019-2037. doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-03879-0.
- 21. Han H, Ji Z, Huang B, et al. The preliminary application of simultaneous display of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and micro-flow imaging technology in the diagnosis of hepatic tumors. J Ultrasound Med, 2023, 42(3): 729-737. doi: 10.1002/jum.16111.
- 22. Barr RG, Huang P, Luo Y, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of the liver: a review of the clinical evidence for SonoVue and Sonazoid. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2020, 45(11): 3779-3788. doi: 10.1007/s00261-020-02573-9.
- 23. Dietrich CF, Nols?e CP, Barr RG, et al. Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Liver-Update 2020 WFUMB in Cooperation with EFSUMB, AFSUMB, AIUM, and FLAUS. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2020, 46(10): 2579-2604. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.030.
- 24. Lee JY, Minami Y, Choi BI, et al. The AFSUMB consensus statements and recommendations for the clinical practice of contrast-enhanced ultrasound using sonazoid. J Med Ultrasound, 2020, 28(2): 59-82. doi: 10.4103/JMU.JMU_124_19.
- 25. Wang LF, Guan X, Shen YT, et al. A multi-parameter intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma scoring system based on modified contrast-enhanced ultrasound LI-RADS M criteria for differentiating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2024, 49(2): 458-470. doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-04114-6.
- 26. Duan Y, Xie X, Li Q, et al. Differentiation of regenerative nodule, dysplastic nodule, and small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: a contrast-enhanced ultrasound-based multivariable model analysis. Eur Radiol, 2020, 30(9): 4741-4751. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06834-5.
- 27. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2025, 82(2): 315-374. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.08.028.
- 28. Quaia E. State of the art: LI-RADS for contrast-enhanced US. Radiology, 2019, 293(1): 4-14. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2019190005.
- 29. Lu D, Wang LF, Han H, et al. Prediction of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma with conventional ultrasound, Sonazoid-enhanced ultrasound, and biochemical indicator: a multicenter study. Insights Imaging, 2024, 15(1): 261. doi: 10.1186/s13244-024-01743-3.
- 30. 王文平, 季正標, 董怡, 等. 實時導航超聲造影在小肝癌診斷中的應用研究. 中華醫學超聲雜志: 電子版 , 2016, 13(1): 56-60. doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2016.01.014.Wang WP, Ji ZB, Dong Y, et al. Application of volume navigation guided real time contrast-enhanced ultrasound for diagnosis of small malignant hepatic lesions. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound: Electronic Edition, 2016, 13(1): 56-60. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2016.01.014.
- 31. 中華醫學會超聲醫學分會, 中國醫師協會外科醫師分會, 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會, 等. 肝移植超聲臨床實踐指南 (2023 版 ). 中華醫學雜志, 2023, 103(31): 2365-2388.Chinese Medical Association Ultrasound Medical Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association Surgery Physician Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association Intervention Physician Branch, Engineering Shanghai, et al. Guideline for clinical practice of ultrasound examination in liver transplantation (2023 edition). National Medical Journal of China, 2023, 103(31): 2365-2388. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230510-00768.
- 32. Zhao CK, Guan X, Pu YY, et al. Response evaluation using contrast-enhanced ultrasound for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors plus anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2024, 50(1): 142-149. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.09.016.
- 33. Zhou BY, Liu H, Pu YY, et al. Quantitative analysis of pre-treatment dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound for assessing the response of colorectal liver metastases to chemotherapy plus targeted therapy: a dual-institutional study. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2024, 49(2): 414-424. doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-04055-0.
- 34. Brown KG, Li J, Margolis R, et al. Assessment of transarterial chemoembolization using super-resolution ultrasound imaging and a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2023, 49(5): 1318-1326. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.01.021.
- 35. Zeng QQ, An SZ, Chen CN, et al. Focal liver lesions: multiparametric microvasculature characterization via super-resolution ultrasound imaging. Eur Radiol Exp, 2024, 8(1): 138. doi: 10.1186/s41747-024-00540-3.
- 36. Dong Y, Wang WP, Mao F, et al. Application of imaging fusion combining contrast-enhanced ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in detection of hepatic cellular carcinomas undetectable by conventional ultrasound. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 31(4): 822-828. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13202.
- 37. Bo XW, Xu HX, Wang D, et al. Fusion imaging of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT or MRI before radiofrequency ablation for liver cancers. Br J Radiol, 2016, 89(1067): 20160379. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20160379.
- 38. Bo XW, Xu HX, Guo LH, et al. Ablative safety margin depicted by fusion imaging with post-treatment contrast-enhanced ultrasound and pre-treatment CECT/CEMRI after radiofrequency ablation for liver cancers. Br J Radiol, 2017, 90(1078): 20170063. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20170063.
- 39. Zhuang Y, Ding H, Zhang Y, et al. Two-dimensional shear-wave elastography performance in the noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: comparison with serum fibrosis indexes. Radiology, 2017, 283(3): 873-882. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2016160131.
- 40. Zhong X, Long H, Chen L, et al. Stiffness on shear wave elastography as a potential microenvironment biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Insights Imaging, 2023, 14(1): 147. doi: 10.1186/s13244-023-01505-7.
- 41. Long H, Peng C, Ding H, et al. Predicting symptomatic post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: development and validation of a preoperative nomogram. Eur Radiol, 2023, 33(11): 7665-7674. doi: 10.1007/s00330-023-09803-w.
- 42. Guan X, Chen YC, Xu HX. New horizon of ultrasound for screening and surveillance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease spectrum. Eur J Radiol, 2022, 154: 110450. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110450.
- 43. Ji CY, He YX, Fan YL, et al. Ultrasound-based fat fraction for detection of hepatic steatosis and quantification of liver fat content using liver biopsy as the reference standard. Eur Radiol, 2025. doi:10.1007/s00330-025-12117-8. [Online ahead of print].
- 44. Yin HH, Xiong B, Yu JF, et al. Interoperator reproducibility of quantitative ultrasound analysis of hepatic steatosis in participants with suspected MASLD: a prospective study. Eur J Radiol, 2024, 175: 111427. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111427.
- 45. John BV, Bastaich DR, Deng Y, et al. Use of liver stiffness measurement for HCC risk stratification in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Hepatology, 2025. doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000001498. [Online ahead of print].
- 46. Yin H, Fan Y, Yu J, et al. Quantitative US fat fraction for noninvasive assessment of hepatic steatosis in suspected metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Insights Imaging, 2024, 15(1): 159. doi: 10.1186/s13244-024-01728-2.
- 47. Chen Y, Lu Q, Zhu Y, et al. Prediction of microvascular invasion in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma based on pre-operative clinical data and contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2022, 48(7): 1190-1201. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.02.014.
- 48. Zhang H, Guo L, Wang D, et al. Multi-source transfer learning via multi-kernel support vector machine plus for B-mode ultrasound-based computer-aided diagnosis of liver cancers. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform, 2021, 25(10): 3874-3885. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2021.3073812.
- 49. Ding W, Wang Z, Liu FY, et al. A hybrid machine learning model based on semantic information can optimize treatment decision for Na?ve single 3-5-cm HCC patients. Liver Cancer, 2022, 11(3): 256-267. doi: 10.1159/000522123.
- 50. Liu F, Liu D, Wang K, et al. Deep learning radiomics based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound might optimize curative treatments for very-early or early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(4): 397-413. doi: 10.1159/000505694.
- 51. Ding W, Meng Y, Ma J, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-based AI model for multi-classification of focal liver lesions. J Hepatol, 2025, 83(2): 426-439. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.01.011.
- 52. Lee YJ, Lee JM, Lee JS, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic performance of multidetector CT and MR imaging-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology, 2015, 275(1): 97-109. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14140690.
- 53. Liu X, Jiang H, Chen J, et al. Gadoxetic acid disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging outperformed multidetector computed tomography in diagnosing small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl, 2017, 23(12): 1505-1518. doi: 10.1002/lt.24867.
- 54. Aslam A, Chernyak V, Tang A, et al. CT/MRI LI-RADS 2024 update: treatment response assessment. Radiology, 2024, 313(2): e232408. doi: 10.1148/radiol.232408.
- 55. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology, 2018, 68(2): 723-750. doi: 10.1002/hep.29913.
- 56. Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2018, 29(Suppl 4): iv238-iv255. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdy308.
- 57. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int, 2017, 11(4): 317-370. doi: 10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9.
- 58. Cho ES, Choi JY. MRI features of hepatocellular carcinoma related to biologic behavior. Korean J Radiol, 2015, 16(3): 449-464. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.3.449.
- 59. Renzulli M, Biselli M, Brocchi S, et al. New hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma, early hepatocellular carcinoma and high-grade dysplastic nodules on Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI in patients with cirrhosis: a new diagnostic algorithm. Gut, 2018, 67(9): 1674-1682. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315384.
- 60. Hwang J, Kim YK, Jeong WK, et al. Nonhypervascular hypointense nodules at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging in chronic liver disease: diffusion-weighted imaging for characterization. Radiology, 2015, 276(1): 137-146. doi: 10.1148/radiol.15141350.
- 61. Huang P, Shi Q, Ni X, et al. Subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on gadoxetic-acid-enhanced MRI: l ess frequent typical imaging features compared to 1-2 cm HCC but better prognosis after surgical resection. Abdom Radiol, 2023, 48(11): 3391-3400. doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-04024-7.
- 62. Zeng MS, Ye HY, Guo L, et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for focal liver lesions in Chinese patients: a multicenter, open-label, phase Ⅲ study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2013, 12(6): 607-616. doi: 10.1016/s1499-3872(13)60096-x.
- 63. Ichikawa T, Saito K, Yoshioka N, et al. Detection and characterization of focal liver lesions: a Japanese phase Ⅲ , multicenter comparison between gadoxetic acid disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced computed tomography predominantly in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease. Invest Radiol, 2010, 45(3): 133-141. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181caea5b.
- 64. Wang WT, Yang C, Zhu K, et al. Recurrence after curative resection of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic algorithms on gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Liver Transpl, 2020, 26(6): 751-763. doi: 10.1002/lt.25713.
- 65. Zhang J, Lu Z, Shen H, et al. A Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Subcentimeter Hepatocellular Carcinoma Utilizing Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MRI: Multicenter Development and Validation. Acad Radiol, 2025, 32(12): 7071-7081. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2025.09.006.
- 66. Rao SX, Wang J, Wang J, et al. Chinese consensus on the clinical application of hepatobiliary magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent: Gadoxetic acid disodium. J Dig Dis, 2019, 20(2): 54-61. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12707.
- 67. Huang P, Zhou C, Wu F, et al. An improved diagnostic algorithm for subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol, 2023, 33(4): 2735-2745. doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-09282-5.
- 68. Chang Y, Jeong SW, Young Jang J, et al. Recent updates of transarterial chemoembolilzation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(21): 8165. doi: 10.3390/ijms21218165.
- 69. Kudo M, Izumi N, Kokudo N, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: Consensus-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines proposed by the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH) 2010 updated version. Dig Dis, 2011, 29(3): 339-364. doi: 10.1159/000327577.
- 70. Shi J, Lai ECH, Li N, et al. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(8): 2073-2080. doi: 10.1245/s10434-010-0940-4.
- 71. Chen M, Cao J, Hu J, et al. Clinical-radiomic analysis for pretreatment prediction of objective response to first transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2021, 10(1): 38-51. doi: 10.1159/000512028.
- 72. Xu X, Zhang HL, Liu QP, et al. Radiomic analysis of contrast-enhanced CT predicts microvascular invasion and outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(6): 1133-1144. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.023.
- 73. Chong HH, Yang L, Sheng RF, et al. Multi-scale and multi-parametric radiomics of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI predicts microvascular invasion and outcome in patients with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma≤5 cm. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(7): 4824-4838. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07601-2.
- 74. Yang L, Gu D, Wei J, et al. A radiomics nomogram for preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2019, 8(5): 373-386. doi: 10.1159/000494099.
- 75. Lei Z, Li J, Wu D, et al. Nomogram for preoperative estimation of microvascular invasion risk in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria. JAMA Surg, 2016, 151(4): 356-363. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.4257.
- 76. Moustafa AS, Abdel Aal AK, Ertel N, et al. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic collateral blood supply: anatomic and technical considerations. Radiographics, 2017, 37(3): 963-977. doi: 10.1148/rg.2017160122.
- 77. 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會臨床診療指南專委會. 錐形束 CT 應用于肝臟惡性腫瘤介入診療的專家共識. 中華放射學雜志, 2024, 58(6): 596-602.Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists. Expert consensus on the application of cone-beam CT in interventional diagnosis and therapy of liver malignancy. Chinese Journal of Radiology, 2024, 58(6): 596-602. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20240102-00003.
- 78. Lin CY, Chen JH, Liang J, et al. 18F-FDG PET or PET/CT for detecting extrahepatic metastases or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol, 2012, 81(9): 2417-2422. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.08.004.
- 79. Park JW, Kim JH, Kim SK, et al. A prospective evaluation of 18F-FDG and 11C-acetate PET/CT for detection of primary and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nucl Med, 2008, 49(12): 1912-1921. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.108.055087.
- 80. Boellaard R, O’Doherty MJ, Weber WA, et al. FDG PET and PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour PET imaging: version 1. 0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2010, 37(1): 181-200. doi: 10.1007/s00259-009-1297-4.
- 81. Chalian H, T?re HG, Horowitz JM, et al. Radiologic assessment of response to therapy: comparison of RECIST Versions 1.1 and 1.0. Radiographics, 2011, 31(7): 2093-2105. doi:10.1148/rg.317115050.
- 82. Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, et al. From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving Considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med, 2009, 50(Suppl 1): 122S-150S. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.108.057307.
- 83. Ferda J, Ferdová E, Baxa J, et al. The role of 18F-FDG accumulation and arterial enhancement as biomarkers in the assessment of typing, grading and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma using 18F-FDG-PET/CT with integrated dual-phase CT angiography. Anticancer Res, 2015, 35(4): 2241-2246.
- 84. Hyun SH, Eo JS, Lee JW, et al. Prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stages 0 and A hepatocellular carcinomas: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2016, 43(9): 1638-1645. doi: 10.1007/s00259-016-3348-y.
- 85. Na SJ, Oh JK, Hyun SH, et al. (18)F-FDG PET/CT can predict survival of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Nucl Med, 2017, 58(5): 730-736. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.182022.
- 86. Bertagna F, Bertoli M, Bosio G, et al. Diagnostic role of radiolabelled choline PET or PET/CT in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int, 2014, 8(4): 493-500. doi: 10.1007/s12072-014-9566-0.
- 87. Mohebbi A, Kiani I, Mohammadzadeh S, et al. Qualitative and quantitative differentiation efficiency of dual-tracer PET/CT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and (11)C-acetate for primary hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2025, 50(1): 198-212. doi: 10.1007/s00261-024-04302-y.
- 88. Henrar RB, Vuijk FA, Burchell GL, et al. Diagnostic performance of radiolabelled FAPI versus [(18)F] FDG PET imaging in hepato-pancreato-biliary oncology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci, 2025, 26(5): 1978. doi: 10.3390/ijms26051978.
- 89. Lan L, Zhang S, Xu T, et al. Prospective comparison of 68Ga-FAPI versus (18)F-FDG PET/CT for tumor staging in biliary tract cancers. Radiology, 2022, 304(3): 648-657. doi: 10.1148/radiol.213118.
- 90. Poot AJ, Lapa C, Weber WA, et al. [(68) Ga] Ga-RAYZ-8009: a glypican-3-targeted diagnostic radiopharmaceutical for hepatocellular carcinoma molecular imaging-a first-in-human case series. J Nucl Med, 2024, 65(10): 1597-1603. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.124.268147.
- 91. Zhou C, Li G, Quan Z, et al. Prospective study comparing [(99m) Tc] Tc-DP-FAPI quantitative SPECT/CT with [(68) Ga] Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in patients with gastrointestinal tumors. Mol Pharm, 2024, 21(10): 5297-5304. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00783.
- 92. Zhou J, Yu L, Gao X, et al. Plasma microRNA panel to diagnose hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(36): 4781-4788. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.2697.
- 93. Best J, Bechmann LP, Sowa JP, et al. GALAD score detects early hepatocellular carcinoma in an international cohort of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 18(3): 728-735. e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.11.012.
- 94. Piratvisuth T, Hou J, Tanwandee T, et al. Development and clinical validation of a novel algorithmic score (GAAD) for detecting HCC in prospective cohort studies. Hepatol Commun, 2023, 7(11): e0317. doi: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000317.
- 95. Yang T, Xing H, Wang G, et al. A novel online calculator based on serum biomarkers to detect hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with hepatitis B. Clin Chem, 2019, 65(12): 1543-1553. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.308965.
- 96. Guo W, Sun YF, Shen MN, et al. Circulating tumor cells with stem-like phenotypes for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response evaluation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 24(9): 2203-2213. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-1753.
- 97. Zhang X, Wang Z, Tang W, et al. Ultrasensitive and affordable assay for early detection of primary liver cancer using plasma cell-free DNA fragmentomics. Hepatology, 2022, 76(2): 317-329. doi: 10.1002/hep.32308.
- 98. Qu C, Wang Y, Wang P, et al. Detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in asymptomatic HBsAg-seropositive individuals by liquid biopsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2019, 116(13): 6308-6312. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1819799116.
- 99. Cai J, Chen L, Zhang Z, et al. Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines in circulating cell-free DNA as a non-invasive approach for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut, 2019, 68(12): 2195-2205. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318882.
- 100. Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C, et al. Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2008, 47(1): 97-104. doi: 10.1002/hep.21966.
- 101. Roberts LR, Sirlin CB, Zaiem F, et al. Imaging for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 2018, 67(1): 401-421. doi: 10.1002/hep.29487.
- 102. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 182-236. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019.
- 103. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. WHO Classification of Tumours. Digestive System Tumours. 5th Edition. Lyon: IARC Press, 2019.
- 104. Cong WM, Bu H, Chen J, et al. Practice guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancer: 2015 update. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(42): 9279-9287. doi:10.3748/wjg. v22.i42.9279. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i42.9279.
- 105. Chen L, Chen S, Zhou Q, et al. Microvascular invasion status and its survival impact in hepatocellular carcinoma depend on tissue sampling protocol. Ann Surg Oncol, 2021, 28(11): 6747-6757. doi: 10.1245/s10434-021-09673-w.
- 106. Sheng X, Ji Y, Ren GP, et al. A standardized pathological proposal for evaluating microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study by LCPGC. Hepatol Int, 2020, 14(6): 1034-1047. doi: 10.1007/s12072-020-10111-4.
- 107. Lu XY, Xi T, Lau WY, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma expressing cholangiocyte phenotype is a novel subtype with highly aggressive behavior. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(8): 2210-2217. doi: 10.1245/s10434-011-1585-7.
- 108. Zhuo J, Lu D, Lin Z, et al. The distinct responsiveness of cytokeratin 19-positive hepatocellular carcinoma to regorafenib. Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(12): 1084. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-04320-4.
- 109. 《肝內膽管癌病理診斷專家共識(2022 版)》編寫專家委員會. 肝內膽管癌病理診斷專家共識(2022 版). 中華病理學雜志, 2022, 51(9): 819-827.Expert Committee of Expert Consensus on Pathological Diagnosis of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (2022 version). Expert consensus on pathological diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (2022 version). Chinese Journal of Pathology, 2022, 51(9): 819-827. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20220517-00423.
- 110. Schumacher TN, Thommen DS. Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer. Science, 2022, 375(6576): eabf9419. doi: 10.1126/science.abf9419.
- 111. Gan X, Dong W, You W, et al. Spatial multimodal analysis revealed tertiary lymphoid structures as a risk stratification indicator in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett, 2024, 581: 216513. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216513.
- 112. Calderaro J, Petitprez F, Becht E, et al. Intra-tumoral tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with a low risk of early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(1): 58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.003.
- 113. Su JY, Li JR, Pan LX, et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures in HCC: Influence on immune cell profiles in tumors and on efficacy of adjuvant PD-1 inhibitor therapy after hepatectomy. Hepatology, 2025. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000001433. [Online ahead of print].
- 114. Scheuer PJ. Classification of chronic viral hepatitis: a need for reassessment. J Hepatol, 1991, 13(3): 372-374. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(91)90084-o.
- 115. 中華醫學會傳染病與寄生蟲病學分會, 中華醫學會肝病學分會. 病毒性肝炎防治方案. 中華傳染病雜志, 2001, 19(1): 56-62.Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology, Chinese Society of Hepatology. Prevention and Treatment Protocol for Viral Hepatitis. Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2001, 19(1): 56-62. doi: 10.3760/j.issn:1000-6680.2001.01.027.
- 116. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2024. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/34470cc8-af90-4d7b-a949-ef27e5d0726f/content.
- 117. Wang H, Chen JJ, Yin SY, et al. A grading system of microvascular invasion for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver resection with curative intent: a multicenter study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2024, 11: 191-206. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S447731.
- 118. Wang H, Qian YW, Sheng X, et al. Deciphering the significance of tumor necrosis and developing a grading system in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter pathological study. Pathol Res Pract, 2026, 278: 156335. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2025.156335.
- 119. Ding G, Wang H, Chen H, et al. Expression of the glypican-3 gene in α-fetoprotein-negative Human hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Ger J Clin Oncol, 2005, 4(5): 262-266. doi: 10.1007/s10330-005-0409-2.
- 120. Shahid M, Mubeen A, Tse J, et al. Branched chain in situ hybridization for albumin as a marker of hepatocellular differentiation: evaluation of manual and automated in situ hybridization platforms. Am J Surg Pathol, 2015, 39(1): 25-34. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000343.
- 121. Lu SX, Huang YH, Liu LL, et al. α-Fetoprotein mRNA in situ hybridisation is a highly specific marker of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-centre study. Br J Cancer, 2021, 124(12): 1988-1996. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01363-4.
- 122. Huang YH, Zhang CZ, Huang QS, et al. Clinicopathologic features, tumor immune microenvironment and genomic landscape of Epstein-Barr virus-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(4): 838-849. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.037.
- 123. Sasaki M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Cholangiolocellular carcinoma with “ductal plate malformation” pattern may be characterized by ARID1A genetic alterations. Am J Surg Pathol, 2019, 43(3): 352-360. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001201.
- 124. 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會病理學組, 中國抗癌協會腫瘤病理專業委員會肝臟病理學組, 上海市抗癌協會腫瘤病理專業委員會. 肝內膽管癌精準檢測專家共識 (2024 版). 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2025, 41(3): 432-441.Group Pathology, Chinese Society of Liver Cancer of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, Liver Pathology Group, Chinese Society of Pathology of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, Tumor Pathology Committee of Shanghai Anti-Cancer Association. Expert consensus on precision detection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (2024 edition). Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2025, 41(3): 432-441. doi: 10.12449/JCH250307.
- 125. Kendall T, Verheij J, Gaudio E, et al. Anatomical, histomorphological and molecular classification of cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Int, 2019, 39(Suppl 1): 7-18. doi: 10.1111/liv.14093.
- 126. Zou Y, Zhu K, Pang Y, et al. Molecular detection of FGFR2 rearrangements in resected intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas: fish could be an ideal method in patients with histological small duct subtype. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2023, 11(6): 1355-1367. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2022.00060S.
- 127. Dong L, Lu D, Chen R, et al. Proteogenomic characterization identifies clinically relevant subgroups of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Cell, 2022, 40(1): 70-87. e15. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.12.006.
- 128. Xia Y, Tang W, Qian X, et al. Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab plus apatinib during the perioperative period in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open label, phase Ⅱ clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer, 2022, 10(4): e004656. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004656.
- 129. 李俊鋒, 袁靜, 張雯雯, 等. 存活腫瘤細胞比例在初始不可切除肝細胞癌患者轉化序貫外科治療預后評估中的應用. 中華肝膽外科雜志, 2024, 30(4): 241-247.Li JF, Yuan J, Zhang WW, et al. Value of the ratio of viable tumor cells in the prognostic evaluation for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing sequential surgery after conversional therapy. Chin J Hepatobiliary Surg, 2024, 30(4): 241-247. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113884-20240226-00056.
- 130. D’Alessio A, Stefanini B, Blanter J, et al. Pathological response following neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a cross-trial, patient-level analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2024, 25(11): 1465-1475. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00457-1.
- 131. Wang Z, Fan J, Zhou S, et al. Perioperative camrelizumab plus rivoceranib versus surgery alone in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma at intermediate or high risk of recurrence (CARES-009): a randomised phase 2/3 trial. Lancet, 2025, 406(10515): 2089-2099. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01720-9.
- 132. 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會. 中國肝癌多學科綜合治療專家共識(2025 年版). 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2025, 41(7): 1279-1286.Chinese Society of Liver Cancer, Chinese AntiCancer Association. Chinese expert consensus on multidisciplinary treatment of liver cancer (2025). Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2025, 41(7): 1279-1286. doi: 10.12449/JCH250709.
- 133. Wang K, Yang Q, Li K, et al. Learning-based early detection of post-hepatectomy liver failure using temporal perioperative data: a nationwide multicenter retrospective study in China. EclinicalMedicine, 2025, 83: 103220. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103220.
- 134. Nair G, Hadi A, Gupta K, et al. A comparative study of machine learning models predicting post-hepatectomy liver failure: Enhancing risk estimation in over 25, 000 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program patients. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2025, 29(3): 269-278. doi: 10.14701/ahbps.25-046.
- 135. Kang CM, Ku HJ, Moon HH, et al. Predicting safe liver resection volume for major hepatectomy using artificial intelligence. J. Clin. Med., 2024, 13(2): 381. doi: 10.3390/jcm13020381.
- 136. Jeong B, Heo S, Lee SS, et al. Predicting post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: nomograms based on deep learning analysis of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol, 2025, 35(5): 2769-2782. doi: 10.1007/s00330-024-11173-w.
- 137. Bosch J, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, et al. The clinical use of HVPG measurements in chronic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 6(10): 573-582. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.149.
- 138. Chen X, Zhai J, Cai X, et al. Severity of portal hypertension and prediction of postoperative liver failure after liver resection in patients with Child-Pugh grade A cirrhosis. Br J Surg, 2012, 99(12): 1701-1710. doi: 10.1002/bjs.8951.
- 139. Zhong J, Ke Y, Gong W, et al. Hepatic resection associated with good survival for selected patients with intermediate and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2014, 260(2): 329-340. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000236.
- 140. Xiao H, Zhang B, Mei B, et al. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with portal hypertension: a long-term benefit compared with transarterial chemoembolization and thermal ablation. Medicine, 2015, 94(7): e495. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000495.
- 141. Liang T, He Y, Mo S, et al. Predictive value of intra-hepatectomy ICGR15 of the remnant liver for post-hepatectomy liver failure in hemi-hepatectomy: a prospective study. BMC Cancer, 2025, 25(1): 881. doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-14296-5.
- 142. Yu T, Ye X, Wen Z, et al. Intraoperative indocyanine green retention test of left hemiliver in decision-making for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing right hepatectomy. Front Surg, 2021, 8: 709017. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.709017.
- 143. 中華醫學會外科學分會, 中華醫學會麻醉學分會. 中國加速康復外科臨床實踐指南 (2021 版 ). 中國實用外科雜志, 2021, 41(9): 961-992.Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Anesthesiology, Chinese Medical Association. Clinical practice guidelines for enhanced recovery after surgery in China (2021 edition). Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2021, 41(9): 961-992. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2021.09.01.
- 144. Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2006, 243(3): 321-328. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000201480.65519.b8.
- 145. Takayama T, Hasegawa K, Izumi N, et al. Surgery versus radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial (SURF trial). Liver Cancer, 2021, 11(3): 209-218. doi: 10.1159/000521665.
- 146. Hur MH, Lee JH, Kim JY, et al. Comparison of overall survival between surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation for hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(23): 6009. doi: 10.3390/cancers13236009.
- 147. Mohkam K, Dumont PN, Manichon AF, et al. No-touch multibipolar radiofrequency ablation vs. surgical resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma ranging from 2 to 5 cm. J Hepatol, 2018, 68(6): 1172-1180. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.014.
- 148. Xu XL, Liu XD, Liang M, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Radiology, 2018, 287(2): 461-472. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2017162756.
- 149. Liu PH, Hsu CY, Hsia CY, et al. Surgical resection versus radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma≤2 cm in a propensity score model. Ann Surg, 2016, 263(3): 538-545. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001178.
- 150. Feng K, Yan J, Li X, et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2012, 57(4): 794-802. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.007.
- 151. Xu Q, Kobayashi S, Ye X, et al. Comparison of hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 16, 103 patients. Sci Rep, 2014, 4: 7252. doi: 10.1038/srep07252.
- 152. Xia Y, Li J, Liu G, et al. Long-term effects of repeat hepatectomy vs percutaneous radiofrequency ablation among patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6(2): 255-263. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4477.
- 153. Fukami Y, Kaneoka Y, Maeda A, et al. Liver resection for multiple hepatocellular carcinomas: a Japanese nationwide survey. Ann Surg, 2020, 272(1): 145-154. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003192.
- 154. Vitale A, Romano P, Cillo U, et al. Liver resection vs nonsurgical treatments for patients with early multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Surg, 2024, 159(8): 881-889. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.1184.
- 155. Yin L, Li H, Li AJ, et al. Partial hepatectomy vs. transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for resectable multiple hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan Criteria: a RCT. J Hepatol, 2014, 61(1): 82-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.012.
- 156. Torzilli G, Belghiti J, Kokudo N, et al. A snapshot of the effective indications and results of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in tertiary referral centers: is it adherent to the EASL/AASLD recommendations? : an observational study of the HCC East-West study group. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(5): 929-937. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31828329b8.
- 157. Hyun MH, Lee Y, Kim JH, et al. Hepatic resection compared to chemoembolization in intermediate- to advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of high-quality studies. Hepatology, 2018, 68(3): 977-993. doi: 10.1002/hep.29883.
- 158. Tsilimigras DI, Mehta R, Paredes AZ, et al. Overall tumor burden dictates outcomes for patients undergoing resection of multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria. Ann Surg, 2020, 272(4): 574-581. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004346.
- 159. Famularo S, Donadon M, Cipriani F, et al. Hepatectomy versus sorafenib in advanced nonmetastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a real-life multicentric weighted comparison. Ann Surg, 2022, 275(4): 743-752. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005373.
- 160. Kokudo T, Hasegawa K, Matsuyama Y, et al. Survival benefit of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein invasion. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(5): 938-943. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.044.
- 161. Zhang X, Gao Y, Chen Z, et al. An eastern hepatobiliary surgery hospital/portal vein tumor thrombus scoring system as an aid to decision making on hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus: a multicenter study. Hepatology, 2019, 69(5): 2076-2090. doi: 10.1002/hep.30490.
- 162. Govalan R, Lauzon M, Luu M, et al. Comparison of surgical resection and systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: national cancer database analysis. Liver Cancer, 2021, 10(5): 407-418. doi: 10.1159/000515554.
- 163. Pawlik TM, Poon RT, Abdalla EK, et al. Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal or hepatic vein invasion: results of a multicenter study. Surgery, 2005, 137(4): 403-410. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.12.012.
- 164. Lu J, Zhang XP, Zhong BY, et al. Management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumour thrombosis: comparing east and west. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 4(9): 721-730. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30178-5.
- 165. Fan J, Zhou J, Wu ZQ, et al. Efficacy of different treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11(8): 1215-1219. doi:10.3748/wjg. v11.i8.1215. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i8.1215.
- 166. Wei X, Jiang Y, Zhang X, et al. Neoadjuvant three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized, open-label, multicenter controlled study. J Clin Oncol, 2019, 37(24): 2141-2151. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.02184.
- 167. Zhang Y, Wu JL, Li LQ. Efficacy comparison of optimal treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Hepatol, 2022, 27(1): 100552. doi: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100552.
- 168. Li XL, Zhu XD, Cai H, et al. Postoperative α-fetoprotein response predicts tumor recurrence and survival after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis. Surgery, 2019, 165(6): 1161-1167. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.01.009.
- 169. Yang J, Tao H, Cai W, et al. Accuracy of actual resected liver volume in anatomical liver resections guided by 3-dimensional parenchymal staining using fusion indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. J Surg Oncol, 2018, 118(7): 1081-1087. doi: 10.1002/jso.25258.
- 170. Mise Y, Hasegawa K, Satou S, et al. How has virtual hepatectomy changed the practice of liver surgery? experience of 1194 virtual hepatectomy before liver resection and living donor liver transplantation. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(1): 127-133. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002213.
- 171. 中華醫學會數字醫學分會, 中國研究型醫院學會數字智能化專業委員會, 中國醫師協會肝癌專業委員會, 等. 計算機輔助聯合吲哚菁綠分子熒光影像技術在肝臟腫瘤診斷和手術導航中的應用指南(2019 版). 南方醫科大學學報, 2019, 39(10): 1127-1140.Digital Medical Association of Chinese Medical Association, Digital Intelligent Surgery Professional Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Liver Cancer Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, et al. Guidelines for application of computer-assisted indocyanine green molecular fluorescence imaging in diagnosis and surgical navigation of liver tumors (2019). Journal of Southern Medical University, 2019, 39(10): 1127-1140. doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.10.01.
- 172. Zeng X, Tao H, Dong Y, et al. Impact of three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology on short-term and long-term outcomes after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity-score-matched and inverse probability of treatment-weighted multicenter study. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(3): 1663-1676. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000001047.
- 173. Sheng W, Yuan C, Wu L, et al. Clinical application of a three-dimensional reconstruction technique for complex liver cancer resection. Surg Endosc, 2022, 36(5): 3246-3253. doi: 10.1007/s00464-021-08636-2.
- 174. Banchini F, Capelli P, Hasnaoui A, et al. 3-D reconstruction in liver surgery: a systematic review. HPB (Oxford), 2024, 26(10): 1205-1215. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.06.006.
- 175. Takamoto T, Ban D, Nara S, et al. Automated three-dimensional liver reconstruction with artificial intelligence for virtual hepatectomy. J Gastrointest Surg, 2022, 26(10): 2119-2127. doi: 10.1007/s11605-022-05415-9.
- 176. Huber T, Tripke V, Baumgart J, et al. Computer-assisted intraoperative 3D-navigation for liver surgery: a prospective randomized-controlled pilot study. Ann Transl Med, 2023, 11(10): 346. doi: 10.21037/atm-22-5489.
- 177. Hashimoto DA, Rosman G, Rus D, et al. Artificial intelligence in surgery: promises and perils. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(1): 70-76. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002693.
- 178. Jiang H, Cao J. Impact of laparoscopic versus open hepatectomy on perioperative clinical outcomes of patients with primary hepatic carcinoma. Chin Med Sci J, 2015, 30(2): 80-83. doi: 10.1016/s1001-9294(15)30016-x.
- 179. 中國研究型醫院學會肝膽胰外科專業委員會. 腹腔鏡肝切除術治療肝細胞癌中國專家共識 (2020 版 ). 中華消化外科雜志, 2020, 19(11): 1119-1134.Chinese Research Hospital Association, Society for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery. Chinese expert consensus on laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2020 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2020, 19(11): 1119-1134. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20201029-00682.
- 180. Zhu P, Liao W, Zhang WG, et al. A prospective study using propensity score matching to compare long-term survival outcomes after robotic-assisted, laparoscopic, or open liver resection for patients with BCLC stage 0-a hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2023, 277(1): e103-e111. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005380.
- 181. Preston WA, Spitofsky NR, Bodzin AS. A contemporary review of robotic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel), 2024, 16(22): 3806. doi: 10.3390/cancers16223806.
- 182. Liu R, Abu Hilal M, Wakabayashi G, et al. International experts consensus guidelines on robotic liver resection in 2023. World J Gastroenterol, 2023, 29(32): 4815-4830. doi:10.3748/wjg. v29.i32.4815. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i32.4815.
- 183. 夏永祥, 張峰, 李相成, 等. 原發性肝癌 10 966 例外科治療分析. 中華外科雜志, 2021, 59(1): 6-17.Xia YX, Zhang F, Li XC, et al. Surgical treatment of primary liver cancer: a report of 10 966 cases. Chinese Journal of Surgery, 2021, 59(1): 6-17. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20201110-00791.
- 184. Zeindler J, Hess GF, von Heesen M, et al. Anatomic versus non-anatomic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma-a European multicenter cohort study in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients. Cancer Med, 2024, 13(5): e6981. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6981.
- 185. Feng X, Su Y, Zheng S, et al. A double blinded prospective randomized trial comparing the effect of anatomic versus non-anatomic resection on hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. HPB (Oxford), 2017, 19(8): 667-674. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2017.04.010.
- 186. Shi M, Guo RP, Lin XJ, et al. Partial hepatectomy with wide versus narrow resection margin for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(1): 36-43. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000231758.07868.71.
- 187. Zhong FP, Zhang YJ, Liu Y, et al. Prognostic impact of surgical margin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Medicine, 2017, 96(37): e8043. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008043.
- 188. Yang P, Si A, Yang J, et al. A wide-margin liver resection improves long-term outcomes for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion. Surgery, 2019, 165(4): 721-730. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.09.016.
- 189. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Anterior approach for major right hepatic resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2000, 232(1): 25-31. doi: 10.1097/00000658-200007000-00004.
- 190. Zhou C, Peng Y, Zhou K, et al. Surgical resection plus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2019, 8(1): 19-28. doi: 10.21037/hbsn.2018.11.19.
- 191. Zhu XD, Huang C, Shen YH, et al. Downstaging and resection of initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and anti-PD-1 antibody combinations. Liver Cancer, 2021, 10(4): 320-329. doi: 10.1159/000514313.
- 192. Zhang W, Tong S, Hu B, et al. Lenvatinib plus anti-PD-1 antibodies as conversion therapy for patients with unresectable intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, phase II trial. J Immunother Cancer, 2023, 11(9): e007366. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007366.
- 193. Chiang CL, Chan KSK, Chiu KWH, et al. Complete response to locoregional therapy plus immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol, 2024, 10(11): 1548-1553. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.4085.
- 194. 中國研究型醫院學會肝膽胰外科專業委員會. 精準肝切除術專家共識. 中華消化外科雜志, 2017, 16(9): 883-893.Chinese Research Hospital Association, Society for Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery. Expert consensus on presicion liver resection. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2017, 16(9): 883-893. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2017.09.001.
- 195. Aloia TA. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy: portal vein embolization should remain the gold standard. JAMA Surg, 2015, 150(10): 927-928. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.1646.
- 196. Piron L, Deshayes E, Escal L, et al. Embolisation portale préopératoire: présent et futur. Bull Cancer, 2017, 104(5): 407-416. doi: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.03.009.
- 197. Ogata S, Belghiti J, Farges O, et al. Sequential arterial and portal vein embolizations before right hepatectomy in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg, 2006, 93(9): 1091-1098. doi: 10.1002/bjs.5341.
- 198. Hwang S, Ha T, Ko G, et al. Preoperative sequential portal and hepatic vein embolization in patients with hepatobiliary malignancy. World J Surg, 2015, 39(12): 2990-2998. doi: 10.1007/s00268-015-3194-2.
- 199. Dupré A, Hitier M, Peyrat P, et al. Associating portal embolization and artery ligation to induce rapid liver regeneration in staged hepatectomy. Br J Surg, 2015, 102(12): 1541-1550. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9900.
- 200. Glantzounis GK, Tokidis E, Basourakos SP, et al. The role of portal vein embolization in the surgical management of primary hepatobiliary cancers. A systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2017, 43(1): 32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.05.026.
- 201. Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H, et al. Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(3): 405-414. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824856f5.
- 202. Wang Z, Peng Y, Hu J, et al. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy for unresectable hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a single center study of 45 patients. Ann Surg, 2020, 271(3): 534-541. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002942.
- 203. Peng Y, Wang Z, Qu X, et al. Transcatheter arterial embolization-salvaged ALPPS, a novel ALPPS procedure especially for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and severe fibrosis/cirrhosis. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2022, 11(4): 504-514. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-21-466.
- 204. Li PP, Huang G, Jia NY, et al. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy versus sequential transarterial chemoembolization and portal vein embolization in staged hepatectomy for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized comparative study. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2022, 11(1): 38-51. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-20-264.
- 205. Zeng ZM, Huang H, Zhu G, et al. Sequential hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with inadequate future-liver-remnant after portal vein ligation in combination with apatinib plus camrelizumab (PLACES): a single-arm prospective pilot study. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2025. doi:10.21037/hbsn-24-363. [Online ahead of print].
- 206. Zhang Y, Huang G, Wang Y, et al. Is salvage liver resection necessary for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients downstaged by transarterial chemoembolization? ten years of experience. Oncologist, 2016, 21(12): 1442-1449. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0094.
- 207. Lyu N, Kong Y, Mu L, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin vs. sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 60-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.008.
- 208. He M, Li Q, Zou R, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin vs sorafenib alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2019, 5(7): 953-960. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.0250.
- 209. Peng Z, Fan W, Zhu B, et al. Lenvatinib combined with transarterial chemoembolization as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ, randomized clinical trial (LAUNCH). J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(1): 117-127. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00392.
- 210. Wu XK, Yang LF, Chen YF, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation combined with lenvatinib plus camrelizumab as conversion therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, multicenter, prospective study. EClinicalMedicine, 2023, 67: 102367. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102367.
- 211. Chen Y, Zhang J, Hu W, et al. Envafolimab plus lenvatinib and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective, single-arm, phase Ⅱ study. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2024, 9(1): 280. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01991-1.
- 212. Li B, Qiu J, Zheng Y, et al. Conversion to resectability using transarterial chemoembolization combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Open, 2021, 2(2): e057. doi: 10.1097/AS9.0000000000000057.
- 213. Byun HK, Kim HJ, Im YR, et al. Dose escalation by intensity modulated radiotherapy in liver-directed concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced BCLC stage C hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiother Oncol, 2019, 133: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.12.025.
- 214. Hatanaka T, Kakizaki S, Hiraoka A, et al. Predictive factors and survival outcome of conversion therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving atezolizumab and bevacizumab: Comparative analysis of conversion, partial response and complete response patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2024, 60(10): 1361-1373. doi: 10.1111/apt.18237.
- 215. Xu H, Zhang H, Li B, et al. Systemic conversion therapies for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 2024, 24(1): 1008. doi: 10.1186/s12885-024-12772-y.
- 216. Li Z, Liu J, Zhang B, et al. Neoadjuvant tislelizumab plus stereotactic body radiotherapy and adjuvant tislelizumab in early-stage resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: the Notable-HCC phase 1b trial. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1): 3260. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47420-3.
- 217. Pan H, Zhou L, Cheng Z, et al. Perioperative Tislelizumab plus intensity modulated radiotherapy in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with macrovascular invasion: a phase Ⅱ trial. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1): 9350. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53704-5.
- 218. Pinna AD, Tian Y, Mazzaferro V, et al. Liver transplantation and hepatic resection can achieve cure for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(5): 868-875. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002889.
- 219. Tsilimigras DI, Bagante F, Moris D, et al. Recurrence patterns and outcomes after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma within and beyond the Barcelona clinic liver cancer criteria. Ann Surg Oncol, 2020, 27(7): 2321-2331. doi: 10.1245/s10434-020-08452-3.
- 220. Chan AWH, Zhong J, Berhane S, et al. Development of pre and post-operative models to predict early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(6): 1284-1293. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.027.
- 221. Wu JC, Huang YH, Chau GY, et al. Risk factors for early and late recurrence in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2009, 51(5): 890-897. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.07.009.
- 222. Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol, 2003, 38(2): 200-207. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00360-4.
- 223. Hu J, Tang H, Jia CC, et al. Personalized MRD assessment in perisurgical ctDNA for prognostic prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2025, 31(6): 1047-1056. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-1897.
- 224. Ma T, Bai X, Zhang Q, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma following curative resection: a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial. Hepatology, 2025, 82(5): 1112-1121. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000001233.
- 225. Wang Z, Ren Z, Chen Y, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: a randomized controlled study. Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 24(9): 2074-2081. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2899.
- 226. Wei W, Jian P, Li S, et al. Adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with solitary tumor and microvascular invasion: a randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Cancer Commun, 2018, 38(1): 61. doi: 10.1186/s40880-018-0331-y.
- 227. Peng Z, Fan W, Liu Z, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization with sorafenib for portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg, 2024, 159(6): 616-624. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.0506.
- 228. Fan Z, Jin M, Zhang L, et al. From clinical variables to multiomics analysis: a margin morphology-based gross classification system for hepatocellular carcinoma stratification. Gut, 2023, 72(11): 2149-2163. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330461.
- 229. Li SH, Mei J, Cheng Y, et al. Postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX in hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a multicenter, phase Ⅲ, randomized study. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(10): 1898-1908. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.01142.
- 230. Lee JH, Lee JH, Lim YS, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2015, 148(7): 1383-1391. e6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.055.
- 231. He C, Peng W, Li C, et al. Thymalfasin, a promising adjuvant therapy in small hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection. Medicine, 2017, 96(16): e6606. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006606.
- 232. Chen Q, Shu C, Laurence AD, et al. Effect of Huaier granule on recurrence after curative resection of HCC: a multicentre, randomised clinical trial. Gut, 2018, 67(11): 2006-2016. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-315983.
- 233. Huang G, Li P, Lau WY, et al. Antiviral therapy reduces hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in patients with low HBV-DNA levels: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(6): 943-954. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002727.
- 234. Wu J, Yin Z, Cao L, et al. Adjuvant pegylated interferon therapy improves the survival outcomes in patients with hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a meta-analysis. Medicine, 2018, 97(28): e11295. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011295.
- 235. Singal AG, Lim JK, Kanwal F. AGA clinical practice update on interaction between oral direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: expert review. Gastroenterology, 2019, 156(8): 2149-2157. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.046.
- 236. Wang K, Xiang Y, Yu HM, et al. Adjuvant sintilimab in resected high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, controlled, phase 2 trial. Nat Med, 2024, 30(3): 708-715. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02786-7.
- 237. Yopp A, Kudo M, Chen M, et al. LBA39 Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave050: Phase Ⅲ study of adjuvant atezolizumab (atezo) + bevacizumab (bev) vs active surveillance in patients (pts) with resected or ablated high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ann Oncol, 2024, 35: S1230. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.08.2279.
- 238. Sapisochin G, Bruix J. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: outcomes and novel surgical approaches. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2017, 14(4): 203-217. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.193.
- 239. Fan J, Yang GS, Fu ZR, et al. Liver transplantation outcomes in 1, 078 hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a multi-center experience in Shanghai, China. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2009, 135(10): 1403-1412. doi: 10.1007/s00432-009-0584-6.
- 240. Zheng SS, Xu X, Wu J, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Hangzhou experiences. Transplantation, 2008, 85(12): 1726-1732. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31816b67e4.
- 241. Li J, Yan LN, Yang J, et al. Indicators of prognosis after liver transplantation in Chinese hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol, 2009, 15(33): 4170-4176. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4170.
- 242. 邵卓, 楊廣順, 楊寧, 等. 三亞共識在原發性肝癌肝移植治療中的運用. 中國實用外科雜志, 2008, 28(6): 466-469.Shao Z, Yang GS, Yang N, et al. Application of Sanya Criteria in the treatment of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2008, 28(6): 466-469. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2208.2008.06.018.
- 243. Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2023, 78(6): 1922-1965. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000466.
- 244. Norman JS, Li PJ, Kotwani P, et al. AFP-L3 and DCP strongly predict early hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol, 2023, 79(6): 1469-1477. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.08.020.
- 245. Mehta N, Kotwani P, Norman J, et al. AFP-L3 and DCP are superior to AFP in predicting waitlist dropout in HCC patients: Results of a prospective study. Liver Transpl, 2023, 29(10): 1041-1049. doi: 10.1097/LVT.0000000000000149.
- 246. Kulik L, Heimbach JK, Zaiem F, et al. Therapies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma awaiting liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 2018, 67(1): 381-400. doi: 10.1002/hep.29485.
- 247. Lee S, Kim KW, Song GW, et al. The real impact of bridging or downstaging on survival outcomes after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(6): 721-733. doi: 10.1159/000507887.
- 248. Mazzaferro V, Citterio D, Bhoori S, et al. Liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma after tumor downstaging (XXL): a randomized, controlled, phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(7): 947-956. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30224-2.
- 249. Mehta N, Guy J, Frenette CT, et al. Excellent outcomes of liver transplantation following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma to within Milan criteria: a multicenter study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 16(6): 955-964. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.11.037.
- 250. Tabrizian P, Holzner ML, Mehta N, et al. Ten-year outcomes of liver transplant and downstaging for hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Surg, 2022, 157(9): 779-788. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2800.
- 251. Mehta N, Frenette C, Tabrizian P, et al. Downstaging outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma: results from the multicenter evaluation of reduction in tumor size before liver transplantation (MERITS-LT) consortium. Gastroenterology, 2021, 161(5): 1502-1512. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.07.033.
- 252. Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Yeo YH, Wang TL, et al. Impact of pre-transplant immune checkpoint inhibitor use on post-transplant outcomes in HCC: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. J Hepatol, 2025, 82(1): 107-119. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.06.042.
- 253. Wang Z, Huang X, Shi Y, et al. Auxiliary liver transplantation using otherwise-discarded liver allograft combined with associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy for unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2025, 14(4): 683-688. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-2025-392.
- 254. Sposito C, Cucchetti A, Mazzaferro V. Assessing competing risks for death following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci, 2019, 64(4): 1001-1007. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05538-1.
- 255. Mehta N, Heimbach J, Harnois DM, et al. Validation of a risk estimation of tumor recurrence after transplant (RETREAT) score for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplant. JAMA Oncol, 2017, 3(4): 493-500. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5116.
- 256. Tran BV, Moris D, Markovic D, et al. Development and validation of a REcurrent Liver cAncer Prediction ScorE (RELAPSE) following liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of the US Multicenter HCC Transplant Consortium. Liver Transpl, 2023, 29(7): 683-697. doi: 10.1097/LVT.0000000000000145.
- 257. Segev DL, Sozio SM, Shin EJ, et al. Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(4): 512-525. doi: 10.1002/lt.21396.
- 258. Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Tsochatzis E, Naveas MC, et al. Reduced exposure to calcineurin inhibitors early after liver transplantation prevents recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2013, 59(6): 1193-1199. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.012.
- 259. Schnitzbauer AA, Filmann N, Adam R, et al. mTOR inhibition is most beneficial after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with active tumors. Ann Surg, 2020, 272(5): 855-862. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004280.
- 260. Filgueira NA. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation: Risk factors, screening and clinical presentation. World J Hepatol, 2019, 11(3): 261-272. doi:10.4254/wjh. v11.i3.261. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i3.261.
- 261. Bodzin AS, Lunsford KE, Markovic D, et al. Predicting mortality in patients developing recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: impact of treatment modality and recurrence characteristics. Ann Surg, 2017, 266(1): 118-125. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001894.
- 262. Au KP, Chok KSH. Multidisciplinary approach for post-liver transplant recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: a proposed management algorithm. World J Gastroenterol, 2018, 24(45): 5081-5094. doi:10.3748/wjg. v24.i45.5081. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i45.5081.
- 263. Iavarone M, Invernizzi F, Czauderna C, et al. Preliminary experience on safety of regorafenib after sorafenib failure in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant, 2019, 19(11): 3176-3184. doi: 10.1111/ajt.15551.
- 264. Lee DD, Sapisochin G, Mehta N, et al. Surveillance for HCC after liver transplantation: increased monitoring may yield aggressive treatment options and improved postrecurrence survival. Transplantation, 2020, 104(10): 2105-2112. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003117.
- 265. Shi GM, Wang J, Huang XW, et al. Graft programmed death ligand 1 expression as a marker for transplant rejection following anti-programmed death 1 immunotherapy for recurrent liver tumors. Liver Transpl, 2021, 27(3): 444-449. doi: 10.1002/lt.25887.
- 266. He Y, Huang X, Huang X, et al. Graft PD-L1 as a predictive marker for rejection in PD-1 inhibitor therapy for recurrent liver tumors after transplant: a prospective pilot trial. Liver Transpl, 2026, 32(2): 135-143. doi: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000719.
- 267. Zhong JH, Xing BC, Zhang WG, et al. Repeat hepatic resection versus radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: retrospective multicenter study. Br J Surg, 2021, 109(1): 71-78. doi: 10.1093/bjs/znab340.
- 268. Wang Z, Liu M, Zhang DZ, et al. Microwave ablation versus laparoscopic resection as first-line therapy for solitary 3-5-cm HCC. Hepatology, 2022, 76(1): 66-77. doi: 10.1002/hep.32323.
- 269. Li L, Zhang J, Liu X, et al. Clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 27(1): 51-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06947.x.
- 270. Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z, et al. A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg, 2010, 252(6): 903-912. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181efc656.
- 271. Feng Q, Chi Y, Liu Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 23 studies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2015, 141(1): 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s00432-014-1708-1.
- 272. Chen QW, Ying HF, Gao S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation plus chemoembolization versus radiofrequency ablation alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2016, 40(3): 309-314. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.07.008.
- 273. Zhang YJ, Chen MS, Chen Y, et al. Long-term outcomes of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation as an initial treatment for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(9): e2126992. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26992.
- 274. Peng ZW, Zhang YJ, Chen MS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(4): 426-432. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.9936.
- 275. Wang L, Ke Q, Lin N, et al. The efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization combined with microwave ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyperthermia, 2019, 36(1): 1288-1296. doi: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1692148.
- 276. Zhou C, Zhang X, Peng Y, et al. Surgical resection plus radiofrequency ablation versus radical surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis. J Cancer, 2019, 10(17): 3933-3940. doi: 10.7150/jca.29501.
- 277. Zhuang BW, Li W, Wang W, et al. Treatment effect of radiofrequency ablation versus liver transplantation and surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria: a population-based study. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(7): 5379-5389. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07551-9.
- 278. Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M, et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Is resection still the treatment of choice?. Hepatology, 2008, 47(1): 82-89. doi: 10.1002/hep.21933.
- 279. Peng ZW, Lin XJ, Zhang YJ, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas 2 cm or smaller: a retrospective comparative study. Radiology, 2012, 262(3): 1022-1033. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11110817.
- 280. Vietti Violi N, Duran R, Guiu B, et al. Efficacy of microwave ablation versus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: a randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 3(5): 317-325. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30029-3.
- 281. An C, Li WZ, Huang ZM, et al. Small single perivascular hepatocellular carcinoma: comparisons of radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation by using propensity score analysis. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(7): 4764-4773. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07571-5.
- 282. Yu J, Yu XL, Han ZY, et al. Percutaneous cooled-probe microwave versus radiofrequency ablation in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ randomized controlled trial. Gut, 2017, 66(6): 1172-1173. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312629.
- 283. Tan W, Deng Q, Lin S, et al. Comparison of microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyperthermia, 2019, 36(1): 264-272. doi: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1562571.
- 284. Yu J, Cheng ZG, Han ZY, et al. Period-dependent survival benefit of percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a 12-year real-world, multicentric experience. Liver Cancer, 2022, 11(4): 341-353. doi: 10.1159/000522134.
- 285. 亞洲冷凍治療學會, 中國醫藥教育協會介入微創治療專業委員會, 山東省醫師協會腫瘤介入醫師分會. 影像引導肝癌的冷凍消融治療專家共識(2020 版). 中國醫刊, 2020, 55(5): 489-492.Asian Cryotherapy Society, Interventional Minimally Invasive Treatment Professional Committee of China Medical Education Association, Tumor Interventional Physician Branch of Shandong Medical Association. Expert consensus on image-guided cryoablation of liver cancer (2020 edition). Chin J Med, 2020, 55(5): 489-492. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1070.2020.05.008.
- 286. Xu M, Xie LT, Xiao YY, et al. Chinese clinical practice guidelines for ultrasound-guided irreversible electroporation of liver cancer (version 2022). Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2022, 21(5): 462-471. doi: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.08.006.
- 287. Cheng C, Xu M, Pan J, et al. A multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial protocol to evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation compared with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol, 2024, 22(1): 332. doi: 10.1186/s12957-024-03614-z.
- 288. Lin SM, Lin CJ, Lin CC, et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, and percutaneous acetic acid injection to treat hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less. Gut, 2005, 54(8): 1151-1156. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.045203.
- 289. Hasegawa K, Aoki T, Ishizawa T, et al. Comparison of the therapeutic outcomes between surgical resection and percutaneous ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2014, 21(Suppl 3): S348-S355. doi: 10.1245/s10434-014-3585-x.
- 290. Ahmed M, Solbiati L, Brace CL, et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria: a 10-year update. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2014, 25(11): 1691-1705. e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.08.027.
- 291. Liu FY, Qi EP, Wang XP, et al. Preliminary application of robot-assisted teleultrasound-guided interventional system. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2025, 50(6): 2626-2633. doi: 10.1007/s00261-024-04719-5.
- 292. Zhang K, Ru J, Wang W, et al. Vision transformer-based model can optimize curative-intent treatment for patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1): 4081. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-59197-0.
- 293. Du Z, Fan F, Ma J, et al. Development and validation of an ultrasound-based interpretable machine learning model for the classification of ≤3 cm hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre retrospective diagnostic study. EClinicalMedicine, 2025, 81: 103098. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103098.
- 294. Dong L, Cheng Z, Liu F, et al. Dynamic changes in liver volume calculated using a three-dimensional visualisation system after microwave ablation of hepatocellular carcinomas. Med Phys, 2022, 49(7): 4613-4621. doi: 10.1002/mp.15641.
- 295. Wang Z, Zhang H, Meng Q, et al. A multicenter case-controlled study on laparoscopic hepatectomy versus microwave ablation as first-line therapy for 3-5 cm hepatocellular carcinoma in patients aged 60 and older. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(3): 1356-1366. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000839.
- 296. Yang Q, Wei J, Hao X, et al. Improving B-mode ultrasound diagnostic performance for focal liver lesions using deep learning: a multicentre study. EBioMedicine, 2020, 56: 102777. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102777.
- 297. 中國抗癌協會腫瘤介入專家委員會. 經導管動脈灌注化療藥物應用原則: 中國腫瘤介入專家共識. 介入放射學雜志, 2017, 26(11): 963-970.Tumor Intervention Expert Committee of Chinese AntiCancer Association. Chinese tumor intervention expert consensus on the application principles of transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy. Journal of Interventional Radiology, 2017, 26(11): 963-970. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2017.11.001.
- 298. Lencioni R, de Baere T, Soulen MC, et al. Lipiodol transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of efficacy and safety data. Hepatology, 2016, 64(1): 106-116. doi: 10.1002/hep.28453.
- 299. Pelletier G, Ducreux M, Gay F, et al. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol chemoembolization: a multicenter randomized trial. Groupe CHC. J Hepatol, 1998, 29(1): 129-134. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80187-6.
- 300. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2002, 35(5): 1164-1171. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.33156.
- 301. Llovet JM, Real MI, Monta?a X, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2002, 359(9319): 1734-1739. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08649-X.
- 302. Cammà C, Schepis F, Orlando A, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology, 2002, 224(1): 47-54. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2241011262.
- 303. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology, 2003, 37(2): 429-442. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50047.
- 304. 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會臨床診療指南專委會. 中國肝細胞癌經動脈化療栓塞(TACE) 治療臨床實踐指南(2023年版). 中華 醫學 雜志, 2023, 103(34): 2674-2694.Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists. Chinese clinical practice guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma (2023 edition). National Medical Journal of China, 2023, 103(34): 2674-2694. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230630-01114.
- 305. 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會臨床診療指南專委會. 中國肝細胞癌經動脈化療栓塞(TACE)治療臨床實踐指南(2021 年版). 中華內科雜志, 2021, 60(7): 599-614.Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists. Chinese clinical practice guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine, 2021, 60(7): 599-614. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210425-00991.
- 306. 郭志, 滕皋軍, 鄒英華, 等. 載藥微球治療原發性和轉移性肝癌的技術操作推薦. 中華放射學雜志, 2019, 53(5): 336-340.Guo Z, Teng GJ, Zou YH, et al. Transarterial treatment of primary and secondary liver cancer with drug? eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization: technical recommendations. Chinese Journal of Radiology, 2019, 53(5): 336-340. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2019.05.002.
- 307. Shao G, Zou Y, Lucatelli P, et al. Chinese expert consensus on technical recommendations for the standard operation of drug-eluting beads for transvascular embolization. Ann Transl Med, 2021, 9(8): 714. doi: 10.21037/atm-21-1678.
- 308. Liang B, Makamure J, Shu S, et al. Treatment response, survival, and safety of transarterial chemoembolization with CalliSpheres (?) microspheres versus conventional transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Front Oncol, 2021, 11: 576232. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.576232.
- 309. Miyayama S, Matsui O. Superselective conventional transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale, technique, and outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2016, 27(9): 1269-1278. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.04.014.
- 310. wazawa J, Ohue S, Hashimoto N, et al. Survival after C-arm CT-assisted chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol, 2012, 81(12): 3985-3992. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.08.012.
- 311. Takayasu K, Arii S, Ikai I, et al. Overall survival after transarterial lipiodol infusion chemotherapy with or without embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2010, 194(3): 830-837. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.3308.
- 312. Miyayama S, Matsui O, Yamashiro M, et al. Ultraselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with a 2-f tip microcatheter for small hepatocellular carcinomas: relationship between local tumor recurrence and visualization of the portal vein with iodized oil. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2007, 18(3): 365-376. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2006.12.004.
- 313. de Baere T, Ronot M, Chung JW, et al. Initiative on superselective conventional transarterial chemoembolization results (INSPIRE). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2022, 45(10): 1430-1440. doi: 10.1007/s00270-022-03233-9.
- 314. Zhong BY, Jia ZZ, Song HY, et al. Precision transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: patient selection, standardized techniques, and quantitative evaluation. HepatoBiliary Surg Nutr, 2025. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-24-545. [Online ahead of print].
- 315. Prajapati HJ, Spivey JR, Hanish SI, et al. mRECIST and EASL responses at early time point by contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI predict survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated by doxorubicin drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization (DEB TACE). Ann Oncol, 2013, 24(4): 965-973. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds605.
- 316. Xia D, Wang Q, Bai W, et al. Optimal time point of response assessment for predicting survival is associated with tumor burden in hepatocellular carcinoma receiving repeated transarterial chemoembolization. Eur Radiol, 2022, 32(9): 5799-5810. doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-08716-4.
- 317. Kim BK, Kim KA, Park JY, et al. Prospective comparison of prognostic values of modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours with European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria in hepatocellular carcinoma following chemoembolisation. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(4): 826-834. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.08.022.
- 318. Memon K, Kulik L, Lewandowski RJ, et al. Radiographic response to locoregional therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma predicts patient survival times. Gastroenterology, 2011, 141(2): 526-535. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.054.
- 319. Lu J, Zhao M, Arai Y, et al. Clinical practice of transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: consensus statement from an international expert panel of International Society of Multidisciplinary Interventional Oncology (ISMIO). Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2021, 10(5): 661-671. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-21-260.
- 320. Terzi E, Golfieri R, Piscaglia F, et al. Response rate and clinical outcome of HCC after first and repeated cTACE performed “on demand”. J Hepatol, 2012, 57(6): 1258-1267. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.025.
- 321. Lu J, Guo JH, Ji JS, et al. Irradiation stent with 125 I plus TACE versus sorafenib plus TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a multicenter randomized trial. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(5): 1188-1198. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000295.
- 322. Luo JJ, Zhang ZH, Liu QX, et al. Endovascular brachytherapy combined with stent placement and TACE for treatment of HCC with main portal vein tumor thrombus. Hepatol Int, 2016, 10(1): 185-195. doi: 10.1007/s12072-015-9663-8.
- 323. Lu J, Guo JH, Zhu HD, et al. Safety and efficacy of irradiation stent placement for malignant portal vein thrombus combined with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2017, 28(6): 786-794. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.02.014.
- 324. 胡鴻濤, 黎海亮, 郭晨陽, 等. 125I 粒子植入聯合動脈化學栓塞治療原發性肝癌合并門靜脈癌栓. 中華放射學雜志, 2012, 46(6): 552-556.Hu HT, Li HL, Guo CY, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined 125iodine seed implantation for primary hepatic carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus thrombosis. Chinese Journal of Radiology, 2012, 46(6): 552-556. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2012.06.016.
- 325. Zhang ZH, Zhang W, Gu JY, et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus with the use of iodine-125 seed strand implantation and transarterial chemoembolization: a propensity-score analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2018, 29(8): 1085-1093. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.02.013.
- 326. Yang SB, Zhang JH, Fu YF, et al. TACE with portal vein radioactive seeds for HCC with portal vein tumor thrombus: a meta-analysis. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol, 2022, 31(6): 856-864. doi: 10.1080/13645706.2022.2045326.
- 327. Si ZM, Wang GZ, Qian S, et al. Combination therapies in the management of large (≥5 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: microwave ablation immediately followed by transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2016, 27(10): 1577-1583. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.02.014.
- 328. Lewis AR, Padula CA, McKinney JM, et al. Ablation plus transarterial embolic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 3 cm: science, evidence, and future directions. Semin Intervent Radiol, 2019, 36(4): 303-309. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1697641.
- 329. Morimoto M, Numata K, Kondou M, et al. Midterm outcomes in patients with intermediate-sized hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial for determining the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Cancer, 2010, 116(23): 5452-5460. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25314.
- 330. Yuan P, Wang F, Zhu G, et al. The clinical efficiency of TACE combined with simultaneous computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs, 2021, 39(5): 1383-1388. doi: 10.1007/s10637-021-01101-w.
- 331. Huo YR, Eslick GD. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization plus radiotherapy compared with chemoembolization alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol, 2015, 1(6): 756-765. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.2189.
- 332. 中華醫學會放射腫瘤學分會, 中國生物醫學工程學會精確放療分會肝癌學組與消化系統腫瘤專家委員會, 中國研究型醫院學會放射腫瘤學分會肝癌學組. 2016 年原發性肝癌放療共識. 中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2016, 25(11): 1141-1150.Radiation Oncology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Expert Committee on Liver Cancer and Digestive System of China Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Liver Cancer Research Group of Radiation Oncology Branch of China Research Hospital. Consensus on radiation therapy for primary liver cancer in 2016. Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology, 2016, 25(11): 1141-1150. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1004-4221.2016.11.001.
- 333. Kim Y, Stahl CC, Makramalla A, et al. Downstaging therapy followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan criteria. Surgery, 2017, 162(6): 1250-1258. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.08.007.
- 334. Shi F, Wu M, Lian SS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation following downstaging of hepatocellular carcinoma by using transarterial chemoembolization: long-term outcomes. Radiology, 2019, 293(3): 707-715. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2019181991.
- 335. Wu JY, Yin ZY, Bai YN, et al. Lenvatinib combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2021, 8: 1233-1240. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S332420.
- 336. Chiang CL, Chiu KWH, Chan KSK, et al. Sequential transarterial chemoembolisation and stereotactic body radiotherapy followed by immunotherapy as conversion therapy for patients with locally advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (START-FIT): a single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 8(2): 169-178. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00339-9. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00339-9.
- 337. Li L, Li B, Zhang M. Postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization improves the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with microvascular invasion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Radiol, 2020, 61(6): 723-731. doi: 10.1177/0284185119878357.
- 338. Esagian SM, Kakos CD, Giorgakis E, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization following curative-intent hepatectomy versus hepatectomy alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(12): 2984. doi: 10.3390/cancers13122984.
- 339. Huang J, Huang W, Zhan M, et al. Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization combined with FOLFOX-based hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for large or huge hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2021, 8: 1445-1458. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S339379.
- 340. Wang Q, Xia D, Bai W, et al. Development of a prognostic score for recommended TACE candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre observational study. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(5): 893-903. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.013.
- 341. Wang Z, Wang E, Bai W, et al. Exploratory Analysis to Identify Candidates Benefitting from Combination Therapy of Transarterial Chemoembolization and Sorafenib for First-Line Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study. Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(3): 308-325. doi: 10.1159/000505692.
- 342. Xia D, Bai W, Wang E, et al. Lenvatinib with or without concurrent drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a real-world, multicenter, retrospective study. Liver Cancer, 2022, 11(4): 368-382. doi: 10.1159/000523849.
- 343. Li L, Xu X, Wang W, et al. Safety and efficacy of PD-1 inhibitor (sintilimab) combined with transarterial chemoembolization as the initial treatment in patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma beyond up-to-seven criteria. J Immunother Cancer, 2025, 13(1): e010035. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2024-010035.
- 344. Zhu HD, Li HL, Huang MS, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization with PD-(L)1 inhibitors plus molecular targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (CHANCE001). Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1): 58. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01235-0.
- 345. Jin ZC, Zhong BY, Chen JJ, et al. Real-world efficacy and safety of TACE plus camrelizumab and apatinib in patients with HCC (CHANCE2211): a propensity score matching study. Eur Radiol, 2023, 33(12): 8669-8681. doi: 10.1007/s00330-023-09754-2.
- 346. Dong J, Han G, Ogasawara S, et al. LBA2 TALENTACE: a phase Ⅲ, open-label, randomized study of on-demand transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with atezolizumab + bevacizumab (Atezo+Bev) or on-demand TACE alone in patients with systemically untreated, intermediate-to-high burden unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). Ann Oncol, 2025, 36: S62. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2025.05.542.
- 347. Kudo M, Ren Z, Guo Y, et al. Transarterial chemoembolisation combined with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus dual placebo for unresectable, non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (LEAP-012): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet, 2025, 405(10474): 203-215. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02575-3.
- 348. Sangro B, Kudo M, Erinjeri JP, et al. Durvalumab with or without bevacizumab with transarterial chemoembolisation in hepatocellular carcinoma (EMERALD-1): a multiregional, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet, 2025, 405(10474): 216-232. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02551-0.
- 349. ang JW, Choi JY, Bae SH, et al. Transarterial chemo-lipiodolization can reactivate hepatitis B virus replication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2004, 41(3): 427-435. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.05.014.
- 350. 中華醫學會感染病學分會, 中華醫學會肝病學分會. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019 年版 ). 臨床 肝膽 病雜 志 , 2019, 35(12): 2648-2669. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.12.007.Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Hepatology , Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (version 2019) . Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2019, 35(12): 2648-2669. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.12.007.
- 351. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Yokosuka O, et al. Sorafenib plus low-dose cisplatin and fluorouracil hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (SILIUS): a randomised, open label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 3(6): 424-432. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30078-5.
- 352. 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會. 肝動脈灌注化療治療肝細胞癌中國專家共識(2021 版 ). 中華消化外科雜志, 2021, 20(7): 754-759.Chinese Society of Liver Cancer, China Anti-Cancer Association. Chinese expert consensus on hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2021 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2021, 20(7): 754-759. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20210618-00288.
- 353. Li QJ, He MK, Chen HW, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus transarterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(2): 150-160. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.00608.
- 354. Lyu N, Wang X, Li JB, et al. Arterial chemotherapy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, randomized, phase Ⅲ trial (FOHAIC-1). J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(5): 468-480. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01963.
- 355. Lai Z, Huang Y, Wen D, et al. One day versus two days of hepatic arterial infusion with oxaliplatin and fluorouracil for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Med, 2022, 20(1): 415. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02608-6.
- 356. 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會轉化治療協作組. 肝癌轉化治療中國專家共識(2021 版 ). 中華消化外科雜志, 2021, 20(6): 600-616.Alliance of Liver Cancer Conversion Therapy, Committee of Liver Cancer of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association. Chinese expert consensus on conversion therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (2021 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2021, 20(6): 600-616. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20210512-00223.
- 357. Lai Z, He M, Bu X, et al. Lenvatinib, toripalimab plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with high-risk advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, phase Ⅱ trial. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 174: 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.07.005.
- 358. Zhang W, Zhao X, Gao W, et al. Conversion study of hepatocellular carcinoma using HAIC combined with lenvatinib and PD-1/L1 immunotherapy under the guidance of BCLC staging. Front Immunol, 2025, 16: 1596864. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1596864.
- 359. 徐立, 陳敏山, 胡自力. 肝動脈灌注化療在肝癌轉化治療中的作用. 中國實用外科雜志, 2021, 41(3): 272-275.Xu L, Chen MS, Hu ZL. The role of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in conversion therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2021, 41(3): 272-275. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2021.03.07.
- 360. 陳敏山, 元云飛, 郭榮平, 等. 肝動脈灌注化療在肝癌轉化治療中的應用: 中山大學腫瘤防治中心的經驗總結. 中國醫學前沿雜志: 電子版, 2021, 13(3): 70-76.Chen MS, Yuan YF, Guo RP, et al. Application of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in the conversion therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: experience of Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center. Chinese Journal of the Frontiers of Medical Science: Electronic Version, 2021, 13(3): 70-76. doi: 10.12037/YXQY.2021.03-11.
- 361. Yuan Y, He W, Yang Z, et al. TACE-HAIC combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy versus TACE alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombus: a propensity score matching study. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(5): 1222-1230. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000256.
- 362. Li S, Zhong C, Li Q, et al. Neoadjuvant transarterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX could improve outcomes of resectable BCLC stage A/B hepatocellular carcinoma patients beyond Milan criteria: an interim analysis of a multi-center, phase 3, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4008. doi: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.4008.
- 363. Ahmadzadehfar H, Ilhan H, Lam MGEH, et al. Radioembolization, principles and indications. Nuklearmedizin, 2022, 61(3): 262-272. doi: 10.1055/a-1759-4238.
- 364. Young S, Flanagan S, D'Souza D, et al. Lung shunt fraction calculations before Y-90 transarterial radioembolization: Comparison of accuracy and clinical significance of planar scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2023, 104(4): 185-191. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2022.12.002.
- 365. 中國抗癌協會腫瘤介入學專業委員會, 國家衛生健康委能力建設和繼續教育中心介入醫學專家委員會. 釔 90 微球管理專家共識. 中國介入影像與治療學, 2021, 18(6): 321-325. doi: 10.13929/j.issn.1672-8475.2021.06.001.Chinese Society of Interventional Oncology, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; Expert Committee of Interventional Medicine , National Health Commission Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center. Experts’ consensus on management of yttrium-90 microspheres. Chinese Journal of Interventional Imaging and Therapy, 2021, 18(6): 321-325. doi: 10.13929/j.issn.1672-8475.2021.06.001.
- 366. 中國醫師協會介入醫師分會臨床診療指南專委會, 中國研究型醫院學會肝膽胰外科專業委員會. 釔-90 微球選擇性內放射治療肝臟惡性腫瘤規范化操作專家共 識 (2024 版 ). 中華 消化 外科 雜志, 2024, 23(2): 165-178.Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventiona-lists, Chinese Research Hospital Association, Society for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery. Expert consensus on the standardized procedure of selective internal radiation therapy with Yttrium-90 microspheres for liver malignancies (2024 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2024, 23(2): 165-178. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20231025-00164.
- 367. Liu DM, Leung TW, Chow PK, et al. Clinical consensus statement: Selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium 90 resin microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia. Int J Surg, 2022, 102: 106094. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106094.
- 368. Mertens A, Essing T, Minko P, et al. Selective internal radiotherapy in Germany: a review of indications and hospital mortality from 2012 to 2019. J Clin Transl Res, 2023, 9(2): 123-132.
- 369. Salem R, Johnson GE, Kim E, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for the treatment of solitary, unresectable HCC: the LEGACY study. Hepatology, 2021, 74(5): 2342-2352. doi: 10.1002/hep.31819.
- 370. Kim E, Sher A, Abboud G, et al. Radiation segmentectomy for curative intent of unresectable very early to early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (RASER): a single-centre, single-arm study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 7(9): 843-850. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00091-7.
- 371. Vardar BU, Meram E, Karaoglu K, et al. Radioembolization followed by transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cureus, 2022, 14(4): e23783. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23783.
- 372. Tai D, Loke K, Gogna A, et al. Radioembolisation with Y90-resin microspheres followed by nivolumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CA 209-678): a single arm, single centre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 6(12): 1025-1035. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00305-8.
- 373. Bin Lee Y, Nam JY, Cho EJ, et al. A phase I/IIa trial of yttrium-90 radioembolization in combination with durvalumab for locally advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2023, 29(18): 3650-3658. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-0581.
- 374. Yu S, Yu M, Keane B, et al. A pilot study of pembrolizumab in combination with Y90 radioembolization in subjects with poor prognosis hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncologist, 2024, 29(3): 270-e413. doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad331.
- 375. Long Y, Liang Y, Li S, et al. Therapeutic outcome and related predictors of stereotactic body radiotherapy for small liver-confined HCC: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Radiat Oncol, 2021, 16(1): 68. doi: 10.1186/s13014-021-01761-1.
- 376. Chen YX, Zhuang Y, Yang P, et al. Helical IMRT-based stereotactic body radiation therapy using an abdominal compression technique and modified fractionation regimen for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2020, 19: 1533033820937002. doi: 10.1177/1533033820937002.
- 377. Chino F, Stephens SJ, Choi SS, et al. The role of external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer. Cancer, 2018, 124(17): 3476-3489. doi: 10.1002/cncr.31334.
- 378. Hara K, Takeda A, Tsurugai Y, et al. Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma results in comparable survival to radiofrequency ablation: a propensity score analysis. Hepatology, 2019, 69(6): 2533-2545. doi: 10.1002/hep.30591.
- 379. Jang WI, Bae SH, Kim MS, et al. A phase 2 multicenter study of stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Safety and efficacy. Cancer, 2020, 126(2): 363-372. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32502.
- 380. Kim N, Cheng J, Jung I, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy vs. radiofrequency ablation in Asian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(1): 121-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.005.
- 381. Su TS, Liang P, Liang J, et al. Long-term survival analysis of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus liver resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2017, 98(3): 639-646. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.095.
- 382. Wahl DR, Stenmark MH, Tao Y, et al. Outcomes after stereotactic body radiotherapy or radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(5): 452-459. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.4925.
- 383. Xi M, Yang Z, Hu L, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for recurrent small hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, open-label, controlled trial. J Clin Oncol, 2025, 43(9): 1073-1082. doi: 10.1200/JCO-24-01532.
- 384. Zheng DX, Chen YX, Sun J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective, single-arm, multi-center study. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 2024, 46: 100767. doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2024.100767.
- 385. Chen Y, Hu Y, Shen J, et al. External beam radiation therapy after transarterial chemoembolization versus transarterial chemoembolization alone for treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase 3 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2025, 121(2): 414-422. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.09.021.
- 386. Comito T, Loi M, Franzese C, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy after incomplete transarterial (chemo-) embolization (TAE\TACE) versus exclusive TAE or TACE for treatment of inoperable HCC: a phase Ⅲ trial (NCT02323360). Curr Oncol, 2022, 29(11): 8802-8813. doi: 10.3390/curroncol29110692.
- 387. Yoon SM, Kim SY, Lim YS, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for small (≤5 Cm) hepatocellular carcinoma not amenable to curative treatment: Results of a single-arm, phase Ⅱ clinical trial. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2020, 26(4): 506-515. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0038.
- 388. Meng MB, Cui YL, Lu Y, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol, 2009, 92(2): 184-194. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.11.002.
- 389. Ohri N, Dawson LA, Krishnan S, et al. Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: new indications and directions for future study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2016, 108(9): djw133. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djw133.
- 390. Yoon SM, Ryoo BY, Lee SJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization plus external beam radiotherapy vs sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(5): 661-669. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.5847.
- 391. Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, et al. A comparison of treatment combinations with and without radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena Cava tumor thrombus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2005, 61(2): 432-443. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.05.025.
- 392. Shen LJ, Xi M, Zhao L, et al. Combination therapy after TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion: stereotactic body radiotherapy versus sorafenib. Cancers (Basel), 2018, 10(12): 516. doi: 10.3390/cancers10120516.
- 393. Wei Z, Zhao J, Bi X, et al. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a systematic review. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2022, 11(5): 709-717. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-20-854.
- 394. Sun J, Yang L, Shi J, et al. Postoperative adjuvant IMRT for patients with HCC and portal vein tumor thrombus: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Radiother Oncol, 2019, 140: 20-25. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.05.006.
- 395. Su K, Gu T, Xu K, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a propensity score matching study. Hepatol Int, 2022, 16(4): 858-867. doi: 10.1007/s12072-022-10339-2.
- 396. Guo L, Wei X, Feng S, et al. Radiotherapy prior to or after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Int, 2022, 16(6): 1368-1378. doi: 10.1007/s12072-022-10423-7.
- 397. Choi SH, Lee BM, Kim J, et al. Efficacy of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in patients with oligometastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅱ study. J Hepatol, 2024, 81(1): 84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.003.
- 398. Rim CH, Park S, Yoon WS, et al. Radiotherapy for bone metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma: a hybrid systematic review with meta-analyses. Int J Radiat Biol, 2023, 99(3): 419-430. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2094020.
- 399. Jihye C, Jinsil S. Application of radiotherapeutic strategies in the BCLC-defined stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2012, 1(3/4): 216-225. doi: 10.1159/000343836.
- 400. Soliman H, Ringash J, Jiang H, et al. Phase Ⅱ trial of palliative radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(31): 3980-3986. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.49.9202.
- 401. Wong TC, Lee VH, Law AL, et al. Prospective study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma on waitlist for liver transplant. Hepatology, 2021, 74(5): 2580-2594. doi: 10.1002/hep.31992.
- 402. Sapisochin G, Barry A, Doherty M, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy vs. TACE or RFA as a bridge to transplant in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An intention-to-treat analysis. J Hepatol, 2017, 67(1): 92-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.022.
- 403. Wu F, Chen B, Dong D, et al. Phase 2 evaluation of neoadjuvant intensity-modulated radiotherapy in centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma: a nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Surg, 2022, 157(12): 1089-1096. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.4702.
- 404. Chen B, Wu JX, Cheng SH, et al. Phase 2 study of adjuvant radiotherapy following narrow-margin hepatectomy in patients with HCC. Hepatology, 2021, 74(5): 2595-2604. doi: 10.1002/hep.31993.
- 405. Shi C, Li Y, Geng L, et al. Adjuvant stereotactic body radiotherapy after marginal resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 166: 176-184. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.02.012.
- 406. Wang WH, Wang Z, Wu JX, et al. Survival benefit with IMRT following narrow-margin hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma close to major vessels. Liver Int, 2015, 35(12): 2603-2610. doi: 10.1111/liv.12857.
- 407. Wang L, Wang W, Rong W, et al. Postoperative adjuvant treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a non-randomized interventional clinical study. BMC Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 614. doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-07087-7.
- 408. Chen J, He K, Han Y, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of external radiotherapy combined with sorafenib in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol, 2022, 27(4): 100710. doi: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100710.
- 409. Dawson LA, Winter KA, Knox JJ, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy vs sorafenib alone in hepatocellular carcinoma: the NRG oncology/RTOG 1112 phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2025, 11(2): 136-144. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.5403.
- 410. Dong A, Zhu M, Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy of radiation plus transarterial chemoembolization and lenvatinib in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Front Oncol, 2023, 13: 1320818. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1320818.
- 411. Munoz-Schuffenegger P, Barry A, Atenafu EG, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with Macrovascular invasion. Radiother Oncol, 2021, 156: 120-126. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.11.033.
- 412. Chang WI, Kim BH, Kim YJ, et al. Role of radiotherapy in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 37(2): 387-394. doi: 10.1111/jgh.15722.
- 413. Li H, Wu ZY, Chen JL, et al. External radiotherapy combined with sorafenib has better efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med, 2023, 23(5): 1537-1549. doi: 10.1007/s10238-022-00972-4.
- 414. Brade AM, Ng S, Brierley J, et al. Phase 1 trial of sorafenib and stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol, 2016, 94(3): 580-587. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.11.048.
- 415. Wang H, Zhu X, Zhao Y, et al. Phase 1 trial of apatinib combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 2022, 22(1): 771. doi: 10.1186/s12885-022-09819-3.
- 416. Huang Y, Zhang Z, Liao W, et al. Combination of sorafenib, camrelizumab, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, and stereotactic body radiation therapy as a novel downstaging strategy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a case series study. Front Oncol, 2021, 11: 650394. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650394.
- 417. Li J, Xuan S, Dong P, et al. Immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: recent progress and new strategy. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1192506. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192506.
- 418. Kimura T, Fujiwara T, Kameoka T, et al. The current role of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cancers, 2022, 14(18): 4383. doi: 10.3390/cancers14184383.
- 419. Zhong L, Wu D, Peng W, et al. Safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with palliative radiotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol, 2021, 11: 686621. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.686621.
- 420. Chen YX, Yang P, Du SS, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with sintilimab in patients with recurrent or oligometastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅱ clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol, 2023, 29(24): 3871-3882. doi:10.3748/wjg. v29.i24.3871. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i24.3871.
- 421. Wang Q, Ji X, Sun J, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with lenvatinib with or without PD-1 inhibitors as initial treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2024, 120(5): 1363-1376. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.03.035.
- 422. Zhu M, Liu Z, Chen S, et al. Sintilimab plus bevacizumab combined with radiotherapy as first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 study. Hepatology, 2024, 80(4): 807-815. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000776.
- 423. Bujold A, Massey CA, Kim JJ, et al. Sequential phase I and Ⅱ trials of stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(13): 1631-1639. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.1659.
- 424. 曾昭沖. 肝細胞癌的立體定向放射治療. 中華腫瘤雜志, 2015, 37(9): 650-652.Zeng ZC. Stereotactic radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Oncology, 2015, 37(9): 650-652. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2015.09.004.
- 425. He J, Shi S, Ye L, et al. A randomized trial of conventional fraction versus hypofraction radiotherapy for bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer, 2019, 10(17): 4031-4037. doi: 10.7150/jca.28674.
- 426. Hou JZ, Zeng ZC, Wang BL, et al. High dose radiotherapy with image-guided hypo-IMRT for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena Cava tumor thrombi is more feasible and efficacious than conventional 3D-CRT. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2016, 46(4): 357-362. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyv205.
- 427. Zhang H, Chen Y, Hu Y, et al. Image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy improves short-term survival for abdominal lymph node metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Palliat Med, 2019, 8(5): 717-727. doi: 10.21037/apm.2019.11.17.
- 428. Byun HK, Kim HJ, Im YR, et al. Dose escalation in radiotherapy for incomplete transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Strahlenther Onkol, 2020, 196(2): 132-141. doi: 10.1007/s00066-019-01488-9.
- 429. D’Avola D, Granito A, Torre-Aláez M, et al. The importance of liver functional reserve in the non-surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(5): 1185-1198. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.013.
- 430. Hu Y, Zhou YK, Chen YX, et al. 4D-CT scans reveal reduced magnitude of respiratory liver motion achieved by different abdominal compression plate positions in patients with intrahepatic tumors undergoing helical tomotherapy. Med Phys, 2016, 43(7): 4335. doi: 10.1118/1.4953190.
- 431. Song SH, Jeong WK, Choi D, et al. Evaluation of early treatment response to radiotherapy for HCC using pre- and post-treatment MRI. Acta Radiol, 2019, 60(7): 826-835. doi: 10.1177/0284185118805253.
- 432. Gatti M, Maino C, Darvizeh F, et al. Role of gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma after locoregional treatment. World J Gastroenterol, 2022, 28(26): 3116-3131. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3116.
- 433. Sanuki-Fujimoto N, Takeda A, Ohashi T, et al. CT evaluations of focal liver reactions following stereotactic body radiotherapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis: relationship between imaging appearance and baseline liver function. Br J Radiol, 2010, 83(996): 1063-1071. doi: 10.1259/bjr/74105551.
- 434. 郝光遠, 龐軍, 陳燕, 等. 原發性肝癌立體定向消融放療后 CT 影像學隨訪觀察. 臨床軍醫雜志, 2014, 42(4): 393-395.Hao GY, Pang J, Chen Y, et al. CT appearances of primary hepatic carcinoma after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy. Clinical Journal of Medical Officers, 2014, 42(4): 393-395. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-3826.2014.04.21.
- 435. Guha C, Kavanagh BD. Hepatic radiation toxicity: avoidance and amelioration. Semin Radiat Oncol, 2011, 21(4): 256-263. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2011.05.003.
- 436. Zeng ZC, Seong J, Yoon SM, et al. Consensus on stereotactic body radiation therapy for small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma at the 7th Asia-Pacific primary liver cancer expert meeting. Liver Cancer, 2017, 6(4): 264-274. doi: 10.1159/000475768.
- 437. Kim TH, Koh YH, Kim BH, et al. Proton beam radiotherapy vs. radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase Ⅲ trial. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(3): 603-612. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.026.
- 438. Bian H, Zheng JS, Nan G, et al. Randomized trial of [131I] metuximab in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2014, 106(9): dju239. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dju239.
- 439. 中華醫學會核醫學分會轉移性骨腫瘤治療工作委員會. 氯化鍶[89Sr]治療轉移性骨腫瘤專家共識 (2017 年版 ). 中華核醫學與分子影像雜志, 2018, 38(6): 412-415.The Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine Working Committee for Treatment of Bone Metastasis. Expert consensus on strontium-89 chloride treatment of bone metastases (2017). Chinese Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 2018, 38(6): 412-415. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.06.008.
- 440. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(20): 1894-1905. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915745.
- 441. Cheng AL, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave150: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs. sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(4): 862-873. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.030.
- 442. Yau T, Galle PR, Decaens T, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus lenvatinib or sorafenib as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 9DW): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2025, 405(10492): 1851-1864. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00403-9.
- 443. Qin S, Gu S, Chan SL, et al. Camrelizumab plus rivoceranib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (CARES-310): final analysis of a randomised, open-label, international, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol, 2025, 26(12): 1598-1611. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(25)00543-1.
- 444. Ren Z, Xu J, Bai Y, et al. Sintilimab plus a bevacizumab biosimilar (IBI305) versus sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (ORIENT-32): a randomised, open-label, phase 2-3 study. Lancet Oncol, 2021, 22(7): 977-990. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00252-7.
- 445. Xu J, Zhang Y, Wang G, et al. SCT-I10A combined with a bevacizumab biosimilar (SCT510) versus sorafenib in the first-line treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase 3 trial. J Clin Oncol, 2024, 42(16_suppl): 4092. doi: 10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.4092.
- 446. Shi Y, Han G, Zhou J, et al. Toripalimab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPATORCH): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2025, 10(7): 658-670. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(25)00059-7.
- 447. Zhou J, Bai L, Luo J, et al. Anlotinib plus penpulimab versus sorafenib in the first-line treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (APOLLO): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2025, 26(6): 719-731. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(25)00190-1.
- 448. Qin S, Bi F, Gu S, et al. Donafenib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, open-label, parallel-controlled phase Ⅱ - Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(27): 3002-3011. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.00163.
- 449. Kudo M, Finn RS, Qin S, et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2018, 391(10126): 1163-1173. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30207-1.
- 450. Qin S, Kudo M, Meyer T, et al. Tislelizumab vs sorafenib as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2023, 9(12): 1651-1659. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4003.
- 451. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(4): 378-390. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708857.
- 452. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10(1): 25-34. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70285-7.
- 453. Pressiani T, Boni C, Rimassa L, et al. Sorafenib in patients with Child-Pugh class A and B advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective feasibility analysis. Ann Oncol, 2013, 24(2): 406-411. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds343.
- 454. Qin S, Bai Y, Lim HY, et al. Randomized, multicenter, open-label study of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin versus doxorubicin as palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from Asia. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(28): 3501-3508. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.5643.
- 455. Qin S, Cheng Y, Liang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of the FOLFOX4 regimen versus doxorubicin in Chinese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a subgroup analysis of the EACH study. Oncologist, 2014, 19(11): 1169-1178. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0190.
- 456. Abou-Alfa GK, Lau G, Kudo M, et al. Plain language summary of the HIMALAYA study: tremelimumab and durvalumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Future Oncol, 2023, 19(38): 2505-2516. doi: 10.2217/fon-2023-0486.
- 457. Rimassa L, Chan SL, Sangro B, et al. Five-year overall survival update from the HIMALAYA study of tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable HCC. J Hepatol, 2025, 83(4): 899-908. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.03.033.
- 458. Hong X, Guo Y, Shi W, et al. Donafenib combined with sintilimab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a single arm phase Ⅱ trial. BMC Cancer, 2025, 25(1): 205. doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-13605-2.
- 459. Fan J, Qin S, Zhou J, et al. 1495P Iparomlimab and tuvonralimab (QL1706) plus bevacizumab and/or chemotherapy in first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Updated data from the phase Ⅱ part of DUBHE-H-308 study. Ann Oncol, 2025, 36: S833. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2025.08.2125.
- 460. Bruix J, Qin S, Merle P, et al. Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2017, 389(10064): 56-66. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32453-9.
- 461. Qin S, Li Q, Gu S, et al. Apatinib as second-line or later therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHELP): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 6(7): 559-568. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00109-6.
- 462. Zhu AX, Kang YK, Yen CJ, et al. Ramucirumab after sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and increased α-fetoprotein concentrations (REACH-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(2): 282-296. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30937-9.
- 463. Shao G, Bai Y, Yuan X, et al. Ramucirumab as second-line treatment in Chinese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and elevated alpha-fetoprotein after sorafenib (REACH-2 China): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind study. eClinicalMedicine, 2022, 54: 101679. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101679.
- 464. Qin S, Chen Z, Fang W, et al. Pembrolizumab versus placebo as second-line therapy in patients from Asia with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, double-blind, phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(7): 1434-1443. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00620.
- 465. Qin S, Ren Z, Meng Z, et al. Camrelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(4): 571-580. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30011-5.
- 466. Xu J, Shen J, Gu S, et al. Camrelizumab in combination with apatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (RESCUE): a nonrandomized, open-label, phase Ⅱ trial. Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27(4): 1003-1011. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2571.
- 467. Xu J, Zhang Y, Jia R, et al. Anti-PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 combined with apatinib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric, or esophagogastric junction cancer: an open-label, dose escalation and expansion study. Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 25(2): 515-523. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2484.
- 468. Ren Z, Ducreux M, Abou-Alfa GK, et al. Tislelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (RATIONALE-208): a multicenter, non-randomized, open-label, phase 2 trial. Liver Cancer, 2022, 12(1): 72-84. doi: 10.1159/000527175.
- 469. Yau T, Kang YK, Kim TY, et al. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: the CheckMate 040 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6(11): e204564. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.4564.
- 470. Abou-Alfa GK, Meyer T, Cheng AL, et al. Cabozantinib in patients with advanced and progressing hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(1): 54-63. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1717002.
- 471. Seymour L, Bogaerts J, Perrone A, et al. iRECIST: guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(3): e143-e152. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30074-8.
- 472. 蔡定芳. 病證辨治創建中國中西結合臨床醫學體系. 中國中西醫結合雜志, 2019, 39(9): 1034-1035.Cai DF. Establishing a Chinese-Western integrated clinical medical system for disease diagnosis and treatment. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 2019, 39(9): 1034-1035. doi: 10.7661/j.cjim.20190815.241.
- 473. 蔡定芳. 論病證結合臨床診療模式. 中國中西醫結合雜志, 2019, 39(2): 133-135.Cai DF. On diagnosis and treatment pattern based on combination of disease identification and syndrome typing. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 2019, 39(2): 133-135. doi: 10.7661/j.cjim.20190114.040.
- 474. Sun Y, Qin SK, Li W, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, phase Ⅲ study of icaritin versus Huachashu as the first-line therapy in biomarker-enriched HBV-related advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with poor conditions: Interim analysis result. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4077. doi: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.4077.
- 475. Qin SK, Li Q, Xu JM, et al. Icaritin-induced immunomodulatory efficacy in advanced hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: Immunodynamic biomarkers and overall survival. Cancer Sci, 2020, 111(11): 4218-4231. doi: 10.1111/cas.14641.
- 476. Yu Z, Guo J, Hu M, et al. Icaritin exacerbates mitophagy and synergizes with doxorubicin to induce immunogenic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(4): 4816-4828. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00708.
- 477. 成遠, 華海清. 欖香烯治療原發性肝癌的研究進展. 臨床腫瘤學雜志, 2017, 22(10): 950-953.Cheng Y, Hua HQ. Research progress on anti-hepatoma mechanisms and clinical application of β-elemene. Chinese Clinical Oncology, 2017, 22(10): 950-953. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0460.2017.10.018.
- 478. 范隼, 李慶源, 周志濤, 等. TACE 聯合金龍膠囊治療原發性肝癌的效果研究. 中國實用醫藥, 2019, 14(21): 42-44.
- 479. 高繼良. 肝復樂方劑治療晚期原發性肝癌的前瞻性、隨機對照臨床研究. 中國中藥雜志, 2014, 39(12): 2367-2369.Gao JL. Prospective randomized controlled study on advanced primary hepatic cancer treated by Ganfule prescription. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2014, 39(12): 2367-2369. doi: 10.4268/cjcmm20141243.
- 480. 路大鵬, 王玉強, 趙衛林, 等. 康萊特聯合肝動脈化療栓塞術治療肝癌的臨床研究. 世界臨床醫學, 2017, 11(5): 70.Lu DP, Wang YQ, Zhao WL, et al. Clinical study of Kanglaite combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of liver cancer. The World Clinical Medicine, 2017, 11(5): 70.
- 481. Zheng DH, Yang JM, Wu JX, et al. Cidan capsule in combination with adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization reduces recurrence rate after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Chin J Integr Med, 2023, 29(1): 3-9. doi: 10.1007/s11655-022-3537-4.
- 482. 國際肝膽胰協會中國分會, 中國抗癌協會肝癌專業委員會, 中國研究型醫院學會肝膽胰外科專業委員會, 等. 乙肝病毒相關肝細胞癌抗病毒治療中國專家共識( 2023 版 ). 中華消化外科雜志, 2023, 22(1): 29-41.The Chinese Chapter of International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Chinese Society of Liver Cancer, Society for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery of Chinese Research Hospital Association, et al. Chinese expert consensus on antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (2023 edition). Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2023, 22(1): 29-41. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20221024-00612.
- 483. 中華醫學會肝病學分會, 中華醫學會感染病學分會. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南( 2022 年版 ). 中華肝臟病雜志, 2022, 30(12): 1309-1331.Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (version 2022). Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 2022, 30(12): 1309-1331. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20221204-00607.
- 484. 中華醫學會肝病學分會, 中華醫學會感染病學分會. 丙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版). 中華傳染病雜 志, 2023, 41(1): 29-46.Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C (2022 version). Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2023, 41(1): 29-46. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311365-20230217-00045.
- 485. 中國臨床腫瘤學會指南工作委員會. 中國臨床腫瘤學會(CSCO)腫瘤放化療相關中性粒細胞減少癥規范化管理指南 (2021). 臨床腫瘤學雜志, 2021, 26(7): 638-648.Guidelines Committee of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO)guidelines for standardized management of tumor chemoradiotherapy-related neutropenia (Version 2021). Chinese Clinical Oncology, 2021, 26(7): 638-648. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0460.2021.07.011.
- 486. 中華醫學會血液學分會血栓與止血學組. 促血小板生成藥物臨床應用管理中國專家共識(2023年版). 中華血液學雜志, 2023, 44(7): 535-542.Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Chinese Society of Hematology, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on the clinical application of recombinant human thrombopoiein and thrombopoiein receptor agonist (2023). Chinese Journal of Hematology, 2023, 44(7): 535-542. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2023.07.002.
- 487. 國家感染性疾病臨床醫學研究中心, 北京醫學會肝病學分會, 中國老年學和老年醫學學會轉化醫學分會, 等. 肝病相關血小板減少癥臨床管理中國專家共識. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(10): 2307-2320.National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases; Society of Hepatology, Beijing Medical Association; Translational Medicine Branch, Chinese Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, et al. Chinese expert consensus on clinical management of hepatopathy-related thrombocytopenia. Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2023, 39(10): 2307-2320. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.10.007.
- 488. Aziz H, Kwon YIC, Park A, et al. Comprehensive review of clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg, 2024, 28(8): 1357-1369. doi: 10.1016/j.gassur.2024.05.018.
- 489. Xia F, Huang Z, Zhang Q, et al. Hepatectomy for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma classified as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0/A: The optimal treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2022, 48(9): 2014-2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2022.05.006.
- 490. Zhang SY, Guo DZ, Zhang X, et al. Prognosis of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2023, 149(11): 8889-8896. doi: 10.1007/s00432-023-04774-3.
- 491. Su JY, Wang HL, Luo DW, et al. Comparison of post-resection survival between hepatocellular carcinoma patients in BCLC stage A or B who experience tumor rupture and patients in BCLC stage C who do not. Heliyon, 2024, 10(5): e27355. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27355.
- 492. Ni Q, Jia H, Zhang Y, et al. Treatment and prognosis study of spontaneous rupture hemorrhage in hepatocellular carcinoma: Recommendations for adding the A1 stage to the BCLC staging system. Cancer Med, 2024, 13(10): e6952. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6952.
- 493. Zhang W, Huang Z, Che X. Emergency versus delayed hepatectomy following transarterial embolization in spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2022, 20(1): 365. doi: 10.1186/s12957-022-02832-7.
- 494. Zhang FQ, Li L, Huang PC, et al. Transarterial embolization with hepatectomy for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol, 2022, 31(5): 676-683. doi: 10.1080/13645706.2021.1986724.
- 495. Zheng YJ, Li DL, Luo D, et al. Early versus delayed hepatectomy for spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Invest Surg, 2021, 34(11): 1214-1222. doi: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1792009.
- 496. 茆麗娜, 董艷彬, 張忠滿, 等. 急診可切除破裂出血肝癌患者治療策略的選擇及預后因素分析. 介入放射學雜 志, 2022, 31(6): 572-576.Mao LN, Dong YB, Zhang ZM, et al. Emergency treatment strategies for patients with resectable ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma and analysis of prognostic factors. Journal of Interventional Radiology, 2022, 31(6): 572-576. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2022.06.010.
- 497. 龔程, 田銀生, 劉爽. 不同時間窗手術治療原發性肝癌自發破裂出血患者 2 年生存率比較. 實用肝臟病雜志, 2023, 26(2): 274-277.Gong C, Tian YS, Liu S. Comparison of two-year survivals in primary liver cancer patients with spontaneous tumor rupture underwent hepatectomy at early or late operation time windows. Journal of Practical Hepatology, 2023, 26(2): 274-277. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2023.02.031.
- 498. Ji J, Zhou C, Yan LL, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization plus tyrosinkinase inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors for spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2024, 47(3): 299-309. doi: 10.1007/s00270-023-03653-1.
- 499. Miyata T, Sugi K, Horino T, et al. Conversion surgery after atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for primary and peritoneal metastasis after hepatocellular carcinoma rupture. Anticancer Res, 2023, 43(2): 943-947. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.16239.
- 500. Liang Y, Ruan T, He J, et al. Long-term survival in a patient with ruptured advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with nutritional therapy combined with apatinib and camrelizumab: a case report. Discov Oncol, 2025, 16(1): 378. doi: 10.1007/s12672-025-02099-w.
- 501. Huang A, Guo DZ, Wang YP, et al. The treatment strategy and outcome for spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience in 239 patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2022, 148(11): 3203-3214. doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-03916-3.
- 502. Park J, Jeong YS, Suh YS, et al. Clinical course and role of embolization in patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 999557. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.999557.
- 503. Roussel E, Bubenheim M, Le Treut YP, et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis risk and long-term survival following hepatectomy for spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma rupture: results of a multicenter French study (FRENCH-AFC). Ann Surg Oncol, 2020, 27(9): 3383-3392. doi: 10.1245/s10434-020-08442-5.
- 504. Kim HL, An J, Park JA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging is cost-effective for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in high-risk patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology, 2019, 69(4): 1599-1613. doi: 10.1002/hep.30330.
- 505. Sangiovanni A, Manini MA, Iavarone M, et al. The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut, 2010, 59(5): 638-644. doi: 10.1136/gut.2009.187286.
- 506. Kim DH, Yoon JH, Choi MH, et al. Comparison of non-contrast abbreviated MRI and ultrasound as surveillance modalities for HCC. J Hepatol, 2024, 81(3): 461-470. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.048.
- 507. Zhang Y, Sheng R, Qian X, et al. Deep learning empowered gadolinium-free contrast-enhanced abbreviated MRI for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep, 2025, 7(5): 101392. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101392.
- 508. Zhou J, Huang A, Yang XR. Liquid biopsy and its potential for management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2016, 47(2): 157-167. doi: 10.1007/s12029-016-9801-0.
- 509. Zhou Y, Wang B, Wu J, et al. Association of preoperative EpCAM circulating tumor cells and peripheral Treg cell levels with early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following radical hepatic resection. BMC Cancer, 2016, 16: 506. doi: 10.1186/s12885-016-2526-4.
- 510. Sun YF, Xu Y, Yang XR, et al. Circulating stem cell-like epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive tumor cells indicate poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Hepatology, 2013, 57(4): 1458-1468. doi: 10.1002/hep.26151.
- 511. Guo W, Yang XR, Sun YF, et al. Clinical significance of EpCAM mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma by an optimized negative enrichment and qRT-PCR-based platform. Clin Cancer Res, 2014, 20(18): 4794-4805. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0251.
- 512. Zheng WJ, Wang PX, Sun YF, et al. Uncovering the heterogeneity and clinical relevance of circulating tumor-initiating cells in hepatocellular carcinoma using an integrated immunomagnetic-microfluidic platform. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14(32): 36425-36437. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c09085.
- 513. Sun YF, Guo W, Xu Y, et al. Circulating tumor cells from different vascular sites exhibit spatial heterogeneity in epithelial and mesenchymal composition and distinct clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 24(3): 547-559. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-1063.
- 514. Sun YF, Wang PX, Cheng JW, et al. Postoperative circulating tumor cells: an early predictor of extrahepatic metastases in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing curative surgical resection. Cancer Cytopathol, 2020, 128(10): 733-745. doi: 10.1002/cncy.22304.
- 515. Zhou KQ, Sun YF, Cheng JW, et al. Effect of surgical margin on recurrence based on preoperative circulating tumor cell status in hepatocellular carcinoma. eBioMedicine, 2020, 62: 103107. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103107.
- 516. Wang PX, Xu Y, Sun YF, et al. Detection of circulating tumour cells enables early recurrence prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Int, 2021, 41(3): 562-573. doi: 10.1111/liv.14734.
- 517. Huang A, Zhang X, Zhou SL, et al. Plasma circulating cell-free DNA integrity as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and surveillance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer, 2016, 7(13): 1798-1803. doi: 10.7150/jca.15618.
- 518. Huang A, Zhao X, Yang XR, et al. Circumventing intratumoral heterogeneity to identify potential therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2017, 67(2): 293-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.005.
- 519. Huang A, Zhang X, Zhou SL, et al. Detecting circulating tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma patients using droplet digital PCR is feasible and reflects intratumoral heterogeneity. J Cancer, 2016, 7(13): 1907-1914. doi: 10.7150/jca.15823.
- 520. Fujii Y, Ono A, Hayes CN, et al. Identification and monitoring of mutations in circulating cell-free tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 40(1): 215. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02016-3.
- 521. Gao Q, Zeng Q, Wang Z, et al. Circulating cell-free DNA for cancer early detection. Innovation (Camb), 2022, 3(4): 100259. doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100259.
- 522. Li W, Zhang X, Lu X, et al. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in circulating cell-free DNA as diagnostic biomarkers for human cancers. Cell Res, 2017, 27(10): 1243-1257. doi: 10.1038/cr.2017.121.
- 523. Gao Q, Lin YP, Li BS, et al. Unintrusive multi-cancer detection by circulating cell-free DNA methylation sequencing (THUNDER): development and independent validation studies. Ann Oncol, 2023, 34(5): 486-495. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.02.010.
- 524. Wang P, Song Q, Ren J, et al. Simultaneous analysis of mutations and methylations in circulating cell-free DNA for hepatocellular carcinoma detection. Sci Transl Med, 2022, 14(672): eabp8704. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp8704.
- 525. Zhang S, Liu Y, Chen J, et al. Autoantibody signature in hepatocellular carcinoma using seromics. J Hematol Oncol, 2020, 13(1): 85. doi: 10.1186/s13045-020-00918-x.
- 526. Hang D, Yang X, Lu J, et al. Untargeted plasma metabolomics for risk prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in two Chinese cohorts. Int J Cancer, 2022, 151(12): 2144-2154. doi: 10.1002/ijc.34229.
- 527. Waqar W, Asghar S, Manzoor S. Platelets’ RNA as biomarker trove for differentiation of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma from underlying cirrhotic nodules. PLoS One, 2021, 16(9): e0256739. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256739.
- 528. Wang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang Z, et al. Characteristics and clinical significance of T-cell receptor repertoire in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 847263. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847263.
- 529. Zhang Q, Ye M, Lin C, et al. Mass cytometry-based peripheral blood analysis as a novel tool for early detection of solid tumours: a multicentre study. Gut, 2023, 72(5): 996-1006. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327496.
- 530. Marks LB, Yorke ED, Jackson A, et al. Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76(3 Suppl): S10-S19. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1754.
- 531. Pan CC, Kavanagh BD, Dawson LA, et al. Radiation-associated liver injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76(3 Suppl): S94-S100. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.06.092.
- 532. Chon YE, Seong J, Kim BK, et al. Gastroduodenal complications after concurrent chemoradiation therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: endoscopic findings and risk factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(5): 1343-1351. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.1986.
- 533. Hanna GG, Murray L, Patel R, et al. UK consensus on normal tissue dose constraints for stereotactic radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2018, 30(1): 5-14. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2017.09.007.

