Chinese expert consensus on percutaneous cholecystostomy for treatment of acute cholecystitis (2025 edition)_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 CHANG Zhihui ¹ ,  FAN Wenzhe ² ,  KAN Xuefeng ³ ,  LIU Chang ⁴ ,  Lü Tianshi ⁵ ,  LIANG Qi ⁶ ,  XIAO Yudong ⁷ ,  ZHANG Wen ⁸ ,  ZHONG Binyan ⁹

1. Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P. R. China;
2. The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China;
3. Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, P. R. China;
4. West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;
5. Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P. R. China;
6. The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, P. R. China;
7. The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, P. R. China;
8. Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China;
9. Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

CHANG Zhihui, Email: changzh@sj-hospital.org; FAN Wenzhe, Email: wzfan@mail.sysu.edu.cn; KAN Xuefeng, Email: xkliulang1314@163.com; LIU Chang, Email: lcnolan@qq.com; Lü Tianshi, Email: terrencelv@126.com; LIANG Qi, Email: csuliangqi10@163.com; XIAO Yudong, Email: xiaooyudong222@csu.edu.cn; ZHANG Wen, Email: zhang.wen2@zs-hospital.sh.cn; ZHONG Binyan, Email: byzhongir@sina.com

Keywords：

acute cholecystitis; percutaneous cholecystostomy; expert consensus

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202511058

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

In recent years, percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) has emerged as a pivotal minimally invasive intervention for patients with complicated and high-risk acute cholecystitis (AC), and its clinical application has been increasingly widespread. However, in China, controversies persist regarding the indications, perioperative management, and subsequent treatment strategies of PC. These inconsistencies not only compromise the uniformity of clinical practice but also impede the standardized promotion and rational utilization of this technique. Drawing on relevant domestic and international guidelines, the latest research advances, and considering China’s specific national context, “Chinese expert consensus on percutaneous cholecystostomy for treatment of acute cholecystitis (2025 edition)” addresses 10 key clinical issues and puts forward 24 recommendations covering critical aspects including surgical indications, timing of intervention, imaging guidance, selection of puncture routes, prevention and management of complications, and post-procedural treatment strategies. The consensus is intended to facilitate the standardized application of PC in clinical practice.

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2.	Gallaher JR, Charles A. Acute cholecystitis: a review. JAMA, 2022, 327(10): 965-975.
3.	Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650): 924-926.
4.	Ogden SR, Culp WC, Villamaria FJ, et al. Developing a checklist: consensus via a modified Delphi technique. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2016, 30(4): 855-858.
5.	Jain A, Mehta N, Secko M, et al. History, physical examination, laboratory testing, and emergency department ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Acad Emerg Med, 2017, 24(3): 281-297.
6.	Vahed LK, Khedmat L. Frequency of symptoms associated with gallstone disease: a hospital-based cross sectional study. Eur J Transl Myol, 2018, 28(2): 7412.
7.	Anderson SW, Lucey BC, Varghese JC, et al. Accuracy of MDCT in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2006, 187(1): 174-180.
8.	Yokoe M, Hata J, Takada T, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2018, 25(1): 41-54.
9.	Hendrix JM, Garmon EH. American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 2025.
10.	Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, et al. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol, 1994, 47(11): 1245-1251.
11.	Ramia JM, Serradilla-Martín M, Villodre C, et al. International Delphi consensus on the management of percutaneous choleystostomy in acute cholecystitis (E-AHPBA, ANS, WSES societies). World J Emerg Surg, 2024, 19(1): 32. doi: 10.1186/s13017-024-00561-8.
12.	Pesce A, Ramírez-Giraldo C, Arkoudis NA, et al. Management of high-surgical-risk patients with acute cholecystitis following percutaneous cholecystostomy: results of an international Delphi consensus study. Int J Surg, 2025, 111(5): 3185-3192.
13.	Mori Y, Itoi T, Baron TH, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: management strategies for gallbladder drainage in patients with acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2018, 25(1): 87-95.
14.	Baggus EMR, Henry-Blake C, Chrisp B, et al. Analysis of 73 cases of percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: patient selection is key. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2025, 35(1): 65-74.
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16.	Hamid M, Khalid A, Parmar J. Does percutaneous cholecystostomy timing in high anaesthetic-risk patients impact on outcome?. Updates Surg, 2023, 75(1): 133-140.
17.	Pesce A, Ramírez-Giraldo C. Which is the best timing for performing a cholecystectomy after percutaneous cholecystostomy?. Surg Endosc, 2025, 39(1): 14-15.
18.	Bickel A, Hoffman RS, Loberant N, et al. Timing of percutaneous cholecystostomy affects conversion rate of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for severe acute cholecystitis. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(3): 1028-1033.
19.	Yamada K, Yamashita Y, Yamada T, et al. Optimal timing for performing percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage and subsequent cholecystectomy for better management of acute cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2015, 22(12): 855-861.
20.	Lin MH, Ni CF, Chiang HJ, et al. Optimal timing of percutaneous cholecystostomy across different grades of acute cholecystitis: a retrospective cohort study. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2025, 36(7): 1105-1112.
21.	Arkoudis NA, Moschovaki-Zeiger O, Reppas L, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy: techniques and applications. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2023, 48(10): 3229-3242.
22.	Kallini JR, Patel DC, Linaval N, et al. Comparing clinical outcomes of image-guided percutaneous transperitoneal and transhepatic cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis. Acta Radiol, 2021, 62(9): 1142-1147.
23.	Arkoudis NA, Moschovaki-Zeiger O, Spiliopoulos S. Transhepatic versus transperitoneal access for percutaneous cholecystostomy remains controversial: interventional radiologists must lead the discussion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2025, 48(8): 1223-1225.
24.	Beland MD, Patel L, Ahn SH, et al. Image-guided cholecystostomy tube placement: short- and long-term outcomes of transhepatic versus transperitoneal placement. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2019, 212(1): 201-204.
25.	Reppas L, Arkoudis NA, Spiliopoulos S, et al. Two-center prospective comparison of the trocar and seldinger techniques for percutaneous cholecystostomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2020, 214(1): 206-212.
26.	Arkoudis NA, Moschovaki-Zeiger O, Grigoriadis S, et al. US-guided trocar versus Seldinger technique for percutaneous cholecystostomy (TROSELC Ⅱ trial). Abdom Radiol (NY), 2023, 48(7): 2425-2433.
27.	Aroori S, Mangan C, Reza L, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy for severe acute cholecystitis: a useful procedure in high-risk patients for surgery. Scand J Surg, 2019, 108(2): 124-129.
28.	McKay A, Abulfaraj M, Lipschitz J. Short- and long-term outcomes following percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients. Surg Endosc, 2012, 26(5): 1343-1351.
29.	Viste A, Jensen D, Angelsen JH, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis; a retrospective analysis of a large series of 104 patients. BMC Surg, 2015, 15: 17. doi: 10.1186/s12893-015-0002-8.
30.	Masrani A, Young D, Karageorgiou JP, et al. Management algorithm of acute cholecystitis after percutaneous cholecystostomy catheter placement based on outcomes from 377 patients. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2020, 45(4): 1193-1197.
31.	Choudhury SR, Gupta P, Garg S, et al. Image-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy: a comprehensive review. Ir J Med Sci, 2022, 191(2): 727-738.
32.	Cirocchi R, Amato L, Ungania S, et al. Management of acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: percutaneous gallbladder drainage as a definitive treatment vs. emergency cholecystectomy—systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(15): 4903. doi: 10.3390/jcm12154903.
33.	Abdelsaid K, Hassan M, Jayasankar B, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in severe acute cholecystitis: an observational study from a single institute. Cureus, 2023, 15(2): e34539. doi: 10.7759/cureus.34539.
34.	Aly MS, Jamal Z, Khawaja Z, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous image-guided and laparoscopic cholecystostomies in high-risk patients with acute calculus cholecystitis: a five-year district general hospital experience. Cureus, 2024, 16(2): e54313. doi: 10.7759/cureus.54313.
35.	Woodward SG, Rios-Diaz AJ, Zheng R, et al. Finding the most favorable timing for cholecystectomy after percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement: an analysis of institutional and national data. J Am Coll Surg, 2021, 232(1): 55-64.
36.	Hung YL, Sung CM, Fu CY, et al. Management of patients with acute cholecystitis after percutaneous cholecystostomy: from the acute stage to definitive surgical treatment. Front Surg, 2021, 8: 616320. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.616320.
37.	Mizrahi I, Mazeh H, Yuval JB, et al. Perioperative outcomes of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis with and without percutaneous cholecystostomy. Surgery, 2015, 158(3): 728-735.
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39.	Spaniolas K, Pryor A, Stefanidis D, et al. Multisociety research collaboration: timing of cholecystectomy following cholecystostomy drainage for acute cholecystitis. Surg Endosc, 2024, 38(10): 6053-6059.
40.	Sadaka AH, Tseng JF, Itani KMF. Indications for and optimal management of percutaneous cholecystectomy drainage: a systematic review. JAMA Surg, 2025 Sep 3. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2025.3260.
41.	Horn T, Christensen SD, Kirkeg?rd J, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment option for acute calculous cholecystitis: a 10-year experience. HPB (Oxford), 2015, 17(4): 326-331.
42.	Wang CH, Wu CY, Yang JC, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with acute cholecystitis after successful percutaneous cholecystostomy treatment and the risk factors for recurrence: a decade experience at a single center. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1): e0148017. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148017.
43.	韓景釗, 脫紅芳, 王澤普, 等. 經皮膽囊造瘺術治療急性膽囊炎的研究進展. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2021, 37(8): 1983-1987.
44.	Hung YL, Chong SW, Cheng CT, et al. Natural course of acute cholecystitis in patients treated with percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage without elective cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg, 2020, 24(4): 772-779.
45.	Park JK, Yang JI, Wi JW, et al. Long-term outcome and recurrence factors after percutaneous cholecystostomy as a definitive treatment for acute cholecystitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 34(4): 784-790.
46.	Spota A, Shahabi A, Mizdrak E, et al. Postinsertion management of cholecystostomy tubes for acute cholecystitis: a systematic review. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech, 2025: 35. doi: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000001336.
47.	Cha BH, Song HH, Kim YN, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is appropriate as definitive treatment for acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients: a single center, cross-sectional study. Korean J Gastroenterol, 2014, 63(1): 32-38.
48.	Pomerantz BJ. Biliary tract interventions. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, 2009, 12: 162-170.
49.	Loftus TJ, Brakenridge SC, Moore FA, et al. Routine surveillance cholangiography after percutaneous cholecystostomy delays drain removal and cholecystectomy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2017, 82: 351-355.
50.	Bhatt MN, Ghio M, Sadri L, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis—predictors of recurrence and interval cholecystectomy. J Surg Res, 2018, 232: 539-546.
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1. Okamoto K, Suzuki K, Takada T, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: flowchart for the management of acute cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2018, 25(1): 55-72.
2. Gallaher JR, Charles A. Acute cholecystitis: a review. JAMA, 2022, 327(10): 965-975.
3. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650): 924-926.
4. Ogden SR, Culp WC, Villamaria FJ, et al. Developing a checklist: consensus via a modified Delphi technique. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2016, 30(4): 855-858.
5. Jain A, Mehta N, Secko M, et al. History, physical examination, laboratory testing, and emergency department ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Acad Emerg Med, 2017, 24(3): 281-297.
6. Vahed LK, Khedmat L. Frequency of symptoms associated with gallstone disease: a hospital-based cross sectional study. Eur J Transl Myol, 2018, 28(2): 7412.
7. Anderson SW, Lucey BC, Varghese JC, et al. Accuracy of MDCT in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2006, 187(1): 174-180.
8. Yokoe M, Hata J, Takada T, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2018, 25(1): 41-54.
9. Hendrix JM, Garmon EH. American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 2025.
10. Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, et al. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol, 1994, 47(11): 1245-1251.
11. Ramia JM, Serradilla-Martín M, Villodre C, et al. International Delphi consensus on the management of percutaneous choleystostomy in acute cholecystitis (E-AHPBA, ANS, WSES societies). World J Emerg Surg, 2024, 19(1): 32. doi: 10.1186/s13017-024-00561-8.
12. Pesce A, Ramírez-Giraldo C, Arkoudis NA, et al. Management of high-surgical-risk patients with acute cholecystitis following percutaneous cholecystostomy: results of an international Delphi consensus study. Int J Surg, 2025, 111(5): 3185-3192.
13. Mori Y, Itoi T, Baron TH, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: management strategies for gallbladder drainage in patients with acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2018, 25(1): 87-95.
14. Baggus EMR, Henry-Blake C, Chrisp B, et al. Analysis of 73 cases of percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: patient selection is key. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2025, 35(1): 65-74.
15. Loozen CS, van Santvoort HC, van Duijvendijk P, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus percutaneous catheter drainage for acute cholecystitis in high risk patients (CHOCOLATE): multicentre randomised clinical trial. BMJ, 2018, 363: k3965. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k3965.
16. Hamid M, Khalid A, Parmar J. Does percutaneous cholecystostomy timing in high anaesthetic-risk patients impact on outcome?. Updates Surg, 2023, 75(1): 133-140.
17. Pesce A, Ramírez-Giraldo C. Which is the best timing for performing a cholecystectomy after percutaneous cholecystostomy?. Surg Endosc, 2025, 39(1): 14-15.
18. Bickel A, Hoffman RS, Loberant N, et al. Timing of percutaneous cholecystostomy affects conversion rate of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for severe acute cholecystitis. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(3): 1028-1033.
19. Yamada K, Yamashita Y, Yamada T, et al. Optimal timing for performing percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage and subsequent cholecystectomy for better management of acute cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2015, 22(12): 855-861.
20. Lin MH, Ni CF, Chiang HJ, et al. Optimal timing of percutaneous cholecystostomy across different grades of acute cholecystitis: a retrospective cohort study. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2025, 36(7): 1105-1112.
21. Arkoudis NA, Moschovaki-Zeiger O, Reppas L, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy: techniques and applications. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2023, 48(10): 3229-3242.
22. Kallini JR, Patel DC, Linaval N, et al. Comparing clinical outcomes of image-guided percutaneous transperitoneal and transhepatic cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis. Acta Radiol, 2021, 62(9): 1142-1147.
23. Arkoudis NA, Moschovaki-Zeiger O, Spiliopoulos S. Transhepatic versus transperitoneal access for percutaneous cholecystostomy remains controversial: interventional radiologists must lead the discussion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2025, 48(8): 1223-1225.
24. Beland MD, Patel L, Ahn SH, et al. Image-guided cholecystostomy tube placement: short- and long-term outcomes of transhepatic versus transperitoneal placement. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2019, 212(1): 201-204.
25. Reppas L, Arkoudis NA, Spiliopoulos S, et al. Two-center prospective comparison of the trocar and seldinger techniques for percutaneous cholecystostomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2020, 214(1): 206-212.
26. Arkoudis NA, Moschovaki-Zeiger O, Grigoriadis S, et al. US-guided trocar versus Seldinger technique for percutaneous cholecystostomy (TROSELC Ⅱ trial). Abdom Radiol (NY), 2023, 48(7): 2425-2433.
27. Aroori S, Mangan C, Reza L, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy for severe acute cholecystitis: a useful procedure in high-risk patients for surgery. Scand J Surg, 2019, 108(2): 124-129.
28. McKay A, Abulfaraj M, Lipschitz J. Short- and long-term outcomes following percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients. Surg Endosc, 2012, 26(5): 1343-1351.
29. Viste A, Jensen D, Angelsen JH, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis; a retrospective analysis of a large series of 104 patients. BMC Surg, 2015, 15: 17. doi: 10.1186/s12893-015-0002-8.
30. Masrani A, Young D, Karageorgiou JP, et al. Management algorithm of acute cholecystitis after percutaneous cholecystostomy catheter placement based on outcomes from 377 patients. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2020, 45(4): 1193-1197.
31. Choudhury SR, Gupta P, Garg S, et al. Image-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy: a comprehensive review. Ir J Med Sci, 2022, 191(2): 727-738.
32. Cirocchi R, Amato L, Ungania S, et al. Management of acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: percutaneous gallbladder drainage as a definitive treatment vs. emergency cholecystectomy—systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(15): 4903. doi: 10.3390/jcm12154903.
33. Abdelsaid K, Hassan M, Jayasankar B, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in severe acute cholecystitis: an observational study from a single institute. Cureus, 2023, 15(2): e34539. doi: 10.7759/cureus.34539.
34. Aly MS, Jamal Z, Khawaja Z, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous image-guided and laparoscopic cholecystostomies in high-risk patients with acute calculus cholecystitis: a five-year district general hospital experience. Cureus, 2024, 16(2): e54313. doi: 10.7759/cureus.54313.
35. Woodward SG, Rios-Diaz AJ, Zheng R, et al. Finding the most favorable timing for cholecystectomy after percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement: an analysis of institutional and national data. J Am Coll Surg, 2021, 232(1): 55-64.
36. Hung YL, Sung CM, Fu CY, et al. Management of patients with acute cholecystitis after percutaneous cholecystostomy: from the acute stage to definitive surgical treatment. Front Surg, 2021, 8: 616320. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.616320.
37. Mizrahi I, Mazeh H, Yuval JB, et al. Perioperative outcomes of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis with and without percutaneous cholecystostomy. Surgery, 2015, 158(3): 728-735.
38. Ke CW, Wu SD. Comparison of emergency cholecystectomy with delayed cholecystectomy after percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage in patients with moderate acute cholecystitis. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2018, 28(6): 705-712.
39. Spaniolas K, Pryor A, Stefanidis D, et al. Multisociety research collaboration: timing of cholecystectomy following cholecystostomy drainage for acute cholecystitis. Surg Endosc, 2024, 38(10): 6053-6059.
40. Sadaka AH, Tseng JF, Itani KMF. Indications for and optimal management of percutaneous cholecystectomy drainage: a systematic review. JAMA Surg, 2025 Sep 3. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2025.3260.
41. Horn T, Christensen SD, Kirkeg?rd J, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment option for acute calculous cholecystitis: a 10-year experience. HPB (Oxford), 2015, 17(4): 326-331.
42. Wang CH, Wu CY, Yang JC, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with acute cholecystitis after successful percutaneous cholecystostomy treatment and the risk factors for recurrence: a decade experience at a single center. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1): e0148017. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148017.
43. 韓景釗, 脫紅芳, 王澤普, 等. 經皮膽囊造瘺術治療急性膽囊炎的研究進展. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2021, 37(8): 1983-1987.
44. Hung YL, Chong SW, Cheng CT, et al. Natural course of acute cholecystitis in patients treated with percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage without elective cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg, 2020, 24(4): 772-779.
45. Park JK, Yang JI, Wi JW, et al. Long-term outcome and recurrence factors after percutaneous cholecystostomy as a definitive treatment for acute cholecystitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 34(4): 784-790.
46. Spota A, Shahabi A, Mizdrak E, et al. Postinsertion management of cholecystostomy tubes for acute cholecystitis: a systematic review. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech, 2025: 35. doi: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000001336.
47. Cha BH, Song HH, Kim YN, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is appropriate as definitive treatment for acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients: a single center, cross-sectional study. Korean J Gastroenterol, 2014, 63(1): 32-38.
48. Pomerantz BJ. Biliary tract interventions. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, 2009, 12: 162-170.
49. Loftus TJ, Brakenridge SC, Moore FA, et al. Routine surveillance cholangiography after percutaneous cholecystostomy delays drain removal and cholecystectomy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2017, 82: 351-355.
50. Bhatt MN, Ghio M, Sadri L, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis—predictors of recurrence and interval cholecystectomy. J Surg Res, 2018, 232: 539-546.
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