Guidelines for endoscopic and robotic breast surgery in China (2026 edition): Part three_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

 DU Zhenggui ¹ ,  Lü Qing ¹ , Lü Pengwei ² , SONG Dajiang ³ , WANG Zihan ⁴ , YANG Benlong ⁵ , SU Shicheng ⁶ , on behalf of the Chinese Endoscopic-robotic Breast Surgery Clinical Trials Consortium (CErBSCTC)

1. Breast Disease Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China;
3. Department of Oncologic Plastic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China;
4. Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China;
5. Breast Surgery Department, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China;
6. Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

DU Zhenggui, Email: docduzg@163.com; Lü Qing, Email: lqlq1963@163.com

Keywords：

Breast cancer; endoscopic surgery; robotic surgery; breast reconstruction; perioperative management; surgical standardization; breast disease prevention and control; guidelines

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202605038

Video：

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This section systematically outlines methods for managing postoperative complications and evaluating long-term outcomes of endoscopic/robotic breast surgery (E/R-BS) to promote the standardized use of this technology and ensure optimal results. Using the Delphi method, 36 recommendations were formulated, covering eight areas: (1) management of postoperative hemorrhage after E/R-BS; (2) infection following endoscopic/robotic implant-based breast reconstruction (E/R-IBBR); (3) flap/nipple ischemia and necrosis after E/R-IBBR; (4) other complications of E/R-IBBR; (5) surgical safety of E/R-BS; (6) oncologic safety of E/R-BS; (7) aesthetic outcomes and quality of life after E/R-BS; (8) postoperative follow-up after E/R-BS.

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