Expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of elevated D-dimer (2026)_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

General Practice Branch of the Cross-Straits Medical Exchange Association , Public Health Service Branch of Chinese Geriatrics Society , General Practice Branch of Zhejiang Medical Association , General Undifferentiated Disease Committee of Zhejiang Society for Mathematical and Medical Sciences

Corresponding?author：

Keywords：

D-dimer; laboratory examination; diagnosis; treatment; clinical management; expert consensus; pubmonary embolism; venous thromboembolism

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202605031

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Elevated D-dimer is a common laboratory abnormality in clinical practice. Accurate interpretation and standardized management of its results are of great clinical value for the early identification, differential diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of related diseases. At present, there is still a lack of systematic consensus on the full-process diagnosis, treatment and management of elevated D-dimer in China. In clinical practice, problems such as inconsistent standards for result interpretation, coexistence of over-examination and missed diagnosis risks, and non-standard primary care diagnostic and treatment pathways are prevalent. This consensus aims to improve the standardization of diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to elevated D-dimer. It systematically elaborates on its epidemiological characteristics, laboratory testing specifications, etiology and pathogenesis, standardizes the full-process diagnostic and treatment pathways, and constructs a full-cycle closed-loop management system supported by multidisciplinary collaboration and centered on community-hospital linkage. This consensus is intended to provide clinicians with standardized, evidence-based practical guidance, standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment practices for elevated D-dimer, reduce over-medicalization, missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis, promote precision and rational medical care, and improve patients' clinical outcomes.

1.	中國研究型醫院學會血栓與止血專業委員會. D-二聚體實驗室檢測與臨床應用中國專家共識. 中華醫學雜志, 2023, 103(35): 2743-2756.Chinese Research Hospital Association Thrombosis and Hemostasis Committee. Chinese expert consensus on laboratory testing and clinical application of D-dimer. Natl Med J China, 2023, 103(35): 2743-2756.
2.	Monagle P, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 2012, 141(2 Suppl): e737S-e801S.
3.	Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 2012, 141(2 Suppl): e691S-e736S.
4.	Heit JA. Predicting the risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence. Am J Hematol, 2012, 87(Suppl 1): S63-S67.
5.	Nomura H, Wada H, Mizuno T, et al. Elevated fibrin-related markers in patients with malignant diseases suspected of having thrombotic disorders. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2010, 16(3): 266-272.
6.	Mori S, Soejima H, Hokamaki J, et al. Clinical disease activity is a major determinant of plasma D-dimer elevation in outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Mod Rheumatol, 2024, 34(2): 313-321.
7.	Favaloro EJ, Arunachalam S, Dean E. Variable Performance of D-dimer Testing by Hemostasis Laboratories: The Australasian/Asia-Pacific Experience. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2025, 51(6): 629-640.
8.	Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(3): 1901647.
9.	Xu Q, Dai L, Chen HQ, et al. Specific changes and clinical significance of plasma D-dimer during pregnancy and puerperium: a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2023, 23(1): 248.
10.	Szecsi PB, J?rgensen M, Klajnbard A, et al. Haemostatic reference intervals in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost, 2010, 103(4): 718-727.
11.	中國醫藥教育協會兒科專業委員會, 中華醫學會兒科學分會呼吸學組, 中國醫師協會呼吸醫師分會兒科呼吸工作委員會, 等. 兒童肺血栓栓塞癥診斷與治療專家共識. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2025, 40(2): 81-91.Pediatrics Committee of China Medicine Education Association, Respiratory Group of Pediatrics Society of Chinese Medical Association, Pediatric Respiratory Working Committee of Chinese Association of Chest Physicians, et al. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism in children. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr, 2025, 40(2): 81-91.
12.	Hoseiny Nejad N, Sharif AS, Otukesh H, et al. Determination of the value of albumin, anti-thrombin III, fibrinogen and D-dimer factors in the diagnosis of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol, 2021, 36(7): 1803-1808.
13.	Fan BE, Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer Levels for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism: making sense of international guideline recommendations. J Thromb Haemost, 2024, 22(3): 604-608.
14.	Koch V, Martin SS, Gruber-Rouh T, et al. Cancer patients with venous thromboembolism: Diagnostic and prognostic value of elevated D-dimers. Eur J Clin Invest, 2023, 53(4): e13914.
15.	Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 2012, 141(2 Suppl): e419S-e496S.
16.	Sagoschen I, Scibior B, Farmakis IT, et al. A multidisciplinary pulmonary embolism response team (PERT): first experience from a single center in Germany. Clin Res Cardiol, 2024, 113(4): 581-590.
17.	Linnemann B, Beyer-Westendorf J, Espinola-Klein C, et al. Management of Deep Vein Thrombosis: An Update Based on the Revised AWMF S2k Guideline. Hamostaseologie, 2024, 44(2): 97-110.
18.	Franchini M, Focosi D, Pezzo MP, et al. How we manage a high D-dimer. Haematologica, 2024, 109(4): 1035-1045.
19.	Jiang P, Wang Z, Yu X, et al. Effects of long-term high-altitude exposure on fibrinolytic system. Hematology, 2021, 26(1): 503-509.
20.	楊玲, 楊帥, 廖道明, 等. 單純性肥胖兒童血漿同型半胱氨酸、D-二聚體水平變化及相關因素分析. 中國婦幼保健, 2014, 29(14): 2168-2171.Yang L, Yang S, Liao DM, et al. Changes of plasma homocysteine and D-dimer levels and related factors in children with simple obesity. Matern Child Health Care China, 2014, 29(14): 2168-2171.
21.	Liu W, He L, Zhou J, et al. Different diagnostic strategies using D-dimer for peripherally inserted central catheter-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2023, 11(3): 565-572.
22.	Schafer K, Goldschmidt E, Oostra D, et al. The clinical significance of ultra-high D-dimer levels. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2022, 10(1): 8-13.
23.	Alshalhoub M, Alhusain F, Alsulaiman F, et al. Clinical significance of elevated D-dimer in emergency department patients: a retrospective single-center analysis. Int J Emerg Med, 2024, 17(1): 62.
24.	Weimar C, Beyer-Westendorf J, Bohmann F, et al. New recommendations on cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis from the German consensus-based (S2k) guideline. Neurol Res Pract, 2024, 6(1): 24.
25.	馬翠, 馬娟, 陶蕊, 等. 新型冠狀病毒感染重癥化的危險因素分析及預測模型構建. 國際流行病學傳染病學雜志, 2026, 53(1): 46-52.Ma C, Ma J, Tao R, et al. Analysis of risk factors for severe COVID-19 and construction of a prediction model. Int J Epidemiol Infect Dis, 2026, 53(1): 46-52.
26.	林雪瓊, 陳艇, 黃旭純, 等. 血漿D-二聚體水平與惡性實體腫瘤血栓栓塞風險的關聯性分析. 國際腫瘤學雜志, 2026, 53(2): 93-99.Lin XQ, Chen T, Huang XC, et al. Association between plasma D-dimer level and thromboembolic risk in malignant solid tumors. Int J Oncol, 2026, 53(2): 93-99.
27.	Shao R, Meng D, Gao B, et al. Evaluation of treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using plasma D-dimer levels. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 3049.
28.	張方杰, 黃國慶, 李湘民. 急性主動脈夾層患者D-二聚體陰性率及其影響因素分析. 中華急診醫學雜志, 2022, 31(7): 915-921.Zhang FJ, Huang GQ, Li XM. Incidence and influencing factors of negative D-dimer in patients with acute aortic dissection. Chin J Emerg Med, 2022, 31(7): 915-921.
29.	Essat M, Mbchb SG, Pandor A, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of D-Dimer for Acute Aortic Syndromes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Emerg Med, 2024, 84(4): 347-359.
30.	劉曉輝, 宋景春, 張進華, 等. 中國抗血栓藥物相關出血診療規范專家共識. 解放軍醫學雜志, 2022, 47(12): 1169-1179.Liu XH, Song JC, Zhang JH, et al. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of anticoagulant-related bleeding. Med J Chin People's Liberation Army, 2022, 47(12): 1169-1179.
31.	中華醫學會呼吸病學分會肺栓塞與肺血管病學組, 中國醫師協會呼吸醫師分會肺栓塞與肺血管病工作委員會, 全國肺栓塞與肺血管病防治協作組. 中國肺血栓栓塞癥診治、預防和管理指南(2025版). 中華醫學雜志, 2025, 105(26): 2162-2194.Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Group of Chinese Thoracic Society, Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Working Committee of Chinese Association of Chest Physicians, National Cooperation Group on Prevention and Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases. Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and management of pulmonary thromboembolism in China (2025). Natl Med J China, 2025, 105(26): 2162-2194.
32.	Falster C, Hellfritzsch M, Gaist TA, et al. Comparison of international guideline recommendations for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Lancet Haematol, 2023, 10(11): e922-e935.
33.	Creager MA, Barnes GD, Giri J, et al. 2026 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/SCAI/SHM/SIR/SVM/SVN Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2026, 87(13): 1626-1710.
34.	孫俊生, 袁富珍, 姚丁燁, 等. 8-3-2融合問診策略在病史采集教學中的應用. 中華醫學教育雜志, 2025, 45(10): 769-773.Sun JS, Yuan FZ, Yao DY, et al. Application of the 8-3-2 integrated inquiry strategy in history-taking teaching. Chin J Med Educ, 2025, 45(10): 769-773.
35.	Thomas SM, Goodacre SW, Sampson FC. Diagnostic value of CT for deep vein thrombosis: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Radiol, 2008, 63(3): 299-304.
36.	Mazzolai L, Ageno W, Alatri A, et al. Second consensus document on diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: updated document elaborated by the ESC Working Group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and the ESC Working Group on pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2022, 29(8): 1248-1263.
37.	Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 2011, 42(4): 1158-1192.
38.	Patel H, Sun H, Hussain AN, et al. Advances in the Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism: A Literature Review. Diagnostics, 2020, 10(6): 365.
39.	Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases. Eur Heart J, 2014, 35(41): 2873-2926.
40.	Tieck MP, Single C, Poli S, et al. Screening tools for malignancy in patients with cryptogenic stroke: Systematic review. Eur Stroke J, 2025, 10(3): 665-674.
41.	Zinellu A, Mangoni AA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between the D-dimer and rheumatic diseases. Immun Inflamm Dis, 2024, 12(7): e1349.
42.	Arachchillage DJ, Platton S, Hickey K, et al. Guidelines on the investigation and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol, 2024, 205(3): 855-880.
43.	Middeldorp S, Nieuwlaat R, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. American Society of Hematology 2023 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: thrombophilia testing. Blood Adv, 2023, 7(22): 7101-7138.
44.	Chiasakul T, Bauer KA. The dos, don'ts, and nuances of thrombophilia testing. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2023, 2023(1): 593-599.
45.	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2023: 24-25.
46.	Chopard R, Albertsen IE, Piazza G. Diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity venous thromboembolism: A review. JAMA, 2020, 324(17): 1765-1776.
47.	2022 exceptional surveillance of venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing (NICE guideline NG158). London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2022: 24.
48.	Stein M, Kaplovitch E, Marwaha S. Five things to know about D-dimer testing in clinical practice. CMAJ, 2026, 198(9): E326.
49.	廣東省精準醫學會血液分會出凝血青年專委會, 廣東省易栓癥多學科專家共識編寫組, 黃楷. 廣東省易栓癥診治多學科專家共識. 嶺南現代臨床外科, 2023, 23(5): 367-378.Youth Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Blood Branch of Guangdong Precision Medicine Association, Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus Writing Group on Thrombophilia in Guangdong, Huang K. Multidisciplinary expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of thrombophilia in Guangdong Province. Lingnan Mod Clin Surg, 2023, 23(5): 367-378.
50.	王喬宇, 武明芬, 柳鑫, 等. 2021中國靜脈血栓栓塞癥防治抗凝藥物的選用與藥學監護指南. 中國臨床藥理學雜志, 2021, 37(21): 2999-3016.Wang QY, Wu MF, Liu X, et al. Guidelines for selection and pharmaceutical care of anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in China (2021). Chin J Clin Pharmacol, 2021, 37(21): 2999-3016.
51.	中國康復醫學會心血管病專業委員會. 中國心臟康復與二級預防指南2018精要. 中華內科雜志, 2018, 57(11): 802-810.Cardiovascular Disease Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine. Essential messages of the Chinese guideline on cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention (2018). Chin J Intern Med, 2018, 57(11): 802-810.
52.	周明成, 洪怡. 《美國心肺康復協會(aacvpr)心臟康復指南第六版》關于科學運動與訓練的更新要點. 實用心腦肺血管病雜志, 2021, 29(6): 1-6.Zhou MC, Hong Y. Key updates on scientific exercise and training from the sixth edition of AACVPR guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation. Pract J Cardiac Cereb Pneumal Vasc Dis, 2021, 29(6): 1-6.
53.	國家衛生健康委百萬減殘工程專家委員會, 中國卒中學會腦靜脈病變分會, 中華預防醫學會卒中預防與控制專業委員會. 妊娠期和產褥期腦靜脈血栓形成管理指南(2025版). 中華醫學雜志, 2025, 105(39): 3518-3540.Expert Committee of the National Health Commission‘s Million Disability Reduction Project, Cerebral Venous Diseases Branch of Chinese Stroke Society, Stroke Prevention and Control Committee of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. Management guideline for cerebral venous thrombosis during pregnancy and puerperium (2025). Natl Med J China, 2025, 105(39): 3518-3540.
54.	《中國血栓性疾病防治指南》專家委員會. 中國血栓性疾病防治指南. 中華醫學雜志, 2018, 98(36): 2861-2888.Expert Committee of Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Thrombotic Diseases. Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases. Natl Med J China, 2018, 98(36): 2861-2888.
55.	Lutsey PL, Zakai NA. Epidemiology and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2023, 20(4): 248-262.
56.	Favresse J, Lippi G, Roy PM, et al. D-dimer: Preanalytical, analytical, postanalytical variables, and clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 2018, 55(8): 548-577.
57.	Farge D, Frere C, Connors JM, et al. 2022 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer, including patients with COVID-19. Lancet Oncol, 2022, 23(7): e334-e347.
58.	Vedantham S, Desai KR, Weinberg I, et al. Society of interventional radiology position statement on the endovascular management of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2023, 34(2): 284-299.
59.	Schlager O, Campello E, Madaric J, et al. 2025 ESVM guidelines on interventional treatment of venous thromboembolism. Vasa, 2025, 54(6): 365-381.
60.	中國微循環學會周圍血管疾病專業委員會下肢靜脈腔內治療專業委員會. 下肢深靜脈血栓形成后綜合征腔內治療專家共識. 血管與腔內血管外科雜志, 2023, 9(7): 769-776.Committee on Endovenous Treatment of Lower Extremity, Peripheral Vascular Diseases Committee of Chinese Society of Microcirculation. Expert consensus on endovascular treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2023, 9(7): 769-776.
61.	Forgo G, Cardi S, Fumagalli R, et al. Midterm clinical outcomes of mechanical versus rheolytic thrombectomy for iliofemoral or iliocaval deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2026, 14(3): 102457.
62.	中國老年醫學學會周圍血管疾病管理分會. 老年人靜脈血栓栓塞癥防治中國專家共識. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2023, 30(10): 1173-1187.Peripheral Vascular Disease Management Branch of Chinese Geriatrics Society. Chinese expert consensus on prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in the elderly. Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg, 2023, 30(10): 1173-1187.
63.	中華醫學會婦產科學分會產科學組. 妊娠期及產褥期靜脈血栓栓塞癥預防和診治專家共識. 中華婦產科雜志, 2021, 56(4): 236-243.Obstetrics Group, Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and puerperium. Chin J Obstet Gynecol, 2021, 56(4): 236-243.
64.	武媛杰, 王園園, 王雪霞, 等. 新型口服抗凝藥治療病態肥胖或高體重靜脈血栓栓塞患者的有效性及安全性Meta分析. 中國循環雜志, 2023, 38(2): 195-201.Wu YJ, Wang YY, Wang XX, et al. Efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants in venous thromboembolism patients with morbid obesity or high body weight: a meta-analysis. Chin Circ J, 2023, 38(2): 195-201.
65.	四川省醫學科學院·四川省人民醫院, 電子科技大學醫學院, 個體化藥物治療四川省重點實驗室, 等. 兒童血栓性疾病防治藥學實踐指南. 醫藥導報, 2024, 43(7): 1017-1038.Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Individualized Drug Therapy, et al. Pharmaceutical practice guideline for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases in children. Her Med, 2024, 43(7): 1017-1038.
66.	Nazerian P, Mueller C, Soeiro AM, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the aortic dissection detection risk score plus D-dimer for acute aortic syndromes: The ADvISED prospective multicenter study. Circulation, 2018, 137(3): 250-258.
67.	Hanna DL, White RH, Wun T. Biomolecular markers of cancer-associated thromboembolism. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2013, 88(1): 19-29.
68.	孫凱, 袁超, 梅勇, 等. 肺栓塞患者D-二聚體值與年齡的相關性. 實用醫學雜志, 2016, 32(14): 2362-2364.Sun K, Yuan C, Mei Y, et al. Correlation between D-dimer value and age in patients with pulmonary embolism. J Pract Med, 2016, 32(14): 2362-2364.
69.	Weitz JI, Fredenburgh JC, Eikelboom JW. A test in context: D-dimer. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(19): 2411-2420.
70.	Speed V, Roberts LN, Patel JP, et al. Venous thromboembolism and women's health. Br J Haematol, 2018, 183(3): 346-363.
71.	Toulon P, Berruyer M, Brionne-Fran?ois M, et al. Age dependency for coagulation parameters in paediatric populations. Results of a multicentre study aimed at defining the age-specific reference ranges. Thromb Haemost, 2016, 116(1): 9-16.
72.	中華醫學會血液學分會血栓與止血學組. 彌散性血管內凝血診斷中國專家共識(2017年版). 中華血液學雜志, 2017, 38(5): 361-363.Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Chinese Society of Hematology, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (2017). Chin J Hematol, 2017, 38(5): 361-363.
73.	Mao L, Xu T, Weng Z, et al. Effectiveness of visual management health education in preventing venous thromboembolism in patients with complete occlusion of chronic coronary arteries. J Health Popul Nutr, 2025, 44(1): 114.
74.	Salazar E, Smock KJ, Cazzolli T, et al. D-dimer reporting and harmonization: analysis of College of American Pathologists D-dimer proficiency testing program. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2026.
75.	Selby R, Meijer P, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer diagnostics: can I use any D-dimer assay? Bridging the knowledge-to-action gap. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2024, 8(1): 102335.
76.	Li C, Xu C, Hu G, et al. The performance of quantitative D-dimer assays in Chinese clinical laboratories by analyzing data from National External quality Assessment Scheme. Clin Chim Acta, 2024, 562: 119880.
77.	Siennicka A, K?ysz M, Che?stowski K, et al. Reference values of D-Dimers and fibrinogen in the course of physiological pregnancy: the potential impact of selected risk factors—a pilot study. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 3192350.
78.	Kearon C, Kahn SR. Long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism. Blood, 2020, 135(5): 317-325.
79.	Nicolaides AN, Fareed J, Spyropoulos AC, et al. Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism. International Consensus Statement. Guidelines according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol, 2024, 43(1): 1-222.
80.	Palareti G, Legnani C, Antonucci E, et al. D-dimer testing, with gender-specific cutoff levels, is of value to assess the individual risk of venous thromboembolic recurrence in non-elderly patients of both genders: a post hoc analysis of the DULCIS study. Intern Emerg Med, 2020, 15(3): 453-462.
81.	Khan F, Rahman A, Carrier M, et al. Long term risk of symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment for first unprovoked venous thromboembolism event: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2019, 366: l4363.
82.	Yu ZY, Chan PK, Lin TC, et al. The Prognostic Value of D-Dimer in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Longitudinal Cohort Study in Taiwan. Acta Cardiol Sin, 2024, 40(3): 300-311.
83.	Xu L, Zhang J, Shen S, et al. Clinical Frailty Scale and Biomarkers for Assessing Frailty in Elder Inpatients in China. J Nutr Health Aging, 2021, 25(1): 77-83.
84.	Streiff MB, Holmstrom B, Angelini D, et al. Cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease, version 2. 2024, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2024, 22(7): 483-506.
85.	Oh YJ, Park EH, Park JW, et al. Practical utility of D-dimer test for venous thromboembolism in systemic lupus erythematosus depends on disease activity: a retrospective cohort study. J Korean Med Sci, 2020, 35(43): e356.
86.	Falster C, Andersen NH. Diagnostic accuracy of elevated fibrin D-dimer. Ugeskr Laeger, 2022, 184(28): V01220074.
87.	S Markus H. D-dimer in ischemic stroke, and insights from HEADPOST into swallowing problems and outcome after stroke. Int J Stroke, 2020, 15(2): 121.
88.	Piazza G, Krishnathasan D, Hamade N, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis: a review. JAMA, 2025, 334(22): 2020-2030.
89.	Tayal D, Jain P, Goswami B. D-dimer – a multifaceted molecule. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig, 2024, 45(2): 75-84.

1. 中國研究型醫院學會血栓與止血專業委員會. D-二聚體實驗室檢測與臨床應用中國專家共識. 中華醫學雜志, 2023, 103(35): 2743-2756.Chinese Research Hospital Association Thrombosis and Hemostasis Committee. Chinese expert consensus on laboratory testing and clinical application of D-dimer. Natl Med J China, 2023, 103(35): 2743-2756.
2. Monagle P, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 2012, 141(2 Suppl): e737S-e801S.
3. Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 2012, 141(2 Suppl): e691S-e736S.
4. Heit JA. Predicting the risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence. Am J Hematol, 2012, 87(Suppl 1): S63-S67.
5. Nomura H, Wada H, Mizuno T, et al. Elevated fibrin-related markers in patients with malignant diseases suspected of having thrombotic disorders. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2010, 16(3): 266-272.
6. Mori S, Soejima H, Hokamaki J, et al. Clinical disease activity is a major determinant of plasma D-dimer elevation in outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Mod Rheumatol, 2024, 34(2): 313-321.
7. Favaloro EJ, Arunachalam S, Dean E. Variable Performance of D-dimer Testing by Hemostasis Laboratories: The Australasian/Asia-Pacific Experience. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2025, 51(6): 629-640.
8. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(3): 1901647.
9. Xu Q, Dai L, Chen HQ, et al. Specific changes and clinical significance of plasma D-dimer during pregnancy and puerperium: a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2023, 23(1): 248.
10. Szecsi PB, J?rgensen M, Klajnbard A, et al. Haemostatic reference intervals in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost, 2010, 103(4): 718-727.
11. 中國醫藥教育協會兒科專業委員會, 中華醫學會兒科學分會呼吸學組, 中國醫師協會呼吸醫師分會兒科呼吸工作委員會, 等. 兒童肺血栓栓塞癥診斷與治療專家共識. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2025, 40(2): 81-91.Pediatrics Committee of China Medicine Education Association, Respiratory Group of Pediatrics Society of Chinese Medical Association, Pediatric Respiratory Working Committee of Chinese Association of Chest Physicians, et al. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism in children. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr, 2025, 40(2): 81-91.
12. Hoseiny Nejad N, Sharif AS, Otukesh H, et al. Determination of the value of albumin, anti-thrombin III, fibrinogen and D-dimer factors in the diagnosis of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol, 2021, 36(7): 1803-1808.
13. Fan BE, Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer Levels for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism: making sense of international guideline recommendations. J Thromb Haemost, 2024, 22(3): 604-608.
14. Koch V, Martin SS, Gruber-Rouh T, et al. Cancer patients with venous thromboembolism: Diagnostic and prognostic value of elevated D-dimers. Eur J Clin Invest, 2023, 53(4): e13914.
15. Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 2012, 141(2 Suppl): e419S-e496S.
16. Sagoschen I, Scibior B, Farmakis IT, et al. A multidisciplinary pulmonary embolism response team (PERT): first experience from a single center in Germany. Clin Res Cardiol, 2024, 113(4): 581-590.
17. Linnemann B, Beyer-Westendorf J, Espinola-Klein C, et al. Management of Deep Vein Thrombosis: An Update Based on the Revised AWMF S2k Guideline. Hamostaseologie, 2024, 44(2): 97-110.
18. Franchini M, Focosi D, Pezzo MP, et al. How we manage a high D-dimer. Haematologica, 2024, 109(4): 1035-1045.
19. Jiang P, Wang Z, Yu X, et al. Effects of long-term high-altitude exposure on fibrinolytic system. Hematology, 2021, 26(1): 503-509.
20. 楊玲, 楊帥, 廖道明, 等. 單純性肥胖兒童血漿同型半胱氨酸、D-二聚體水平變化及相關因素分析. 中國婦幼保健, 2014, 29(14): 2168-2171.Yang L, Yang S, Liao DM, et al. Changes of plasma homocysteine and D-dimer levels and related factors in children with simple obesity. Matern Child Health Care China, 2014, 29(14): 2168-2171.
21. Liu W, He L, Zhou J, et al. Different diagnostic strategies using D-dimer for peripherally inserted central catheter-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2023, 11(3): 565-572.
22. Schafer K, Goldschmidt E, Oostra D, et al. The clinical significance of ultra-high D-dimer levels. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2022, 10(1): 8-13.
23. Alshalhoub M, Alhusain F, Alsulaiman F, et al. Clinical significance of elevated D-dimer in emergency department patients: a retrospective single-center analysis. Int J Emerg Med, 2024, 17(1): 62.
24. Weimar C, Beyer-Westendorf J, Bohmann F, et al. New recommendations on cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis from the German consensus-based (S2k) guideline. Neurol Res Pract, 2024, 6(1): 24.
25. 馬翠, 馬娟, 陶蕊, 等. 新型冠狀病毒感染重癥化的危險因素分析及預測模型構建. 國際流行病學傳染病學雜志, 2026, 53(1): 46-52.Ma C, Ma J, Tao R, et al. Analysis of risk factors for severe COVID-19 and construction of a prediction model. Int J Epidemiol Infect Dis, 2026, 53(1): 46-52.
26. 林雪瓊, 陳艇, 黃旭純, 等. 血漿D-二聚體水平與惡性實體腫瘤血栓栓塞風險的關聯性分析. 國際腫瘤學雜志, 2026, 53(2): 93-99.Lin XQ, Chen T, Huang XC, et al. Association between plasma D-dimer level and thromboembolic risk in malignant solid tumors. Int J Oncol, 2026, 53(2): 93-99.
27. Shao R, Meng D, Gao B, et al. Evaluation of treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using plasma D-dimer levels. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 3049.
28. 張方杰, 黃國慶, 李湘民. 急性主動脈夾層患者D-二聚體陰性率及其影響因素分析. 中華急診醫學雜志, 2022, 31(7): 915-921.Zhang FJ, Huang GQ, Li XM. Incidence and influencing factors of negative D-dimer in patients with acute aortic dissection. Chin J Emerg Med, 2022, 31(7): 915-921.
29. Essat M, Mbchb SG, Pandor A, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of D-Dimer for Acute Aortic Syndromes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Emerg Med, 2024, 84(4): 347-359.
30. 劉曉輝, 宋景春, 張進華, 等. 中國抗血栓藥物相關出血診療規范專家共識. 解放軍醫學雜志, 2022, 47(12): 1169-1179.Liu XH, Song JC, Zhang JH, et al. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of anticoagulant-related bleeding. Med J Chin People's Liberation Army, 2022, 47(12): 1169-1179.
31. 中華醫學會呼吸病學分會肺栓塞與肺血管病學組, 中國醫師協會呼吸醫師分會肺栓塞與肺血管病工作委員會, 全國肺栓塞與肺血管病防治協作組. 中國肺血栓栓塞癥診治、預防和管理指南(2025版). 中華醫學雜志, 2025, 105(26): 2162-2194.Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Group of Chinese Thoracic Society, Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Working Committee of Chinese Association of Chest Physicians, National Cooperation Group on Prevention and Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases. Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and management of pulmonary thromboembolism in China (2025). Natl Med J China, 2025, 105(26): 2162-2194.
32. Falster C, Hellfritzsch M, Gaist TA, et al. Comparison of international guideline recommendations for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Lancet Haematol, 2023, 10(11): e922-e935.
33. Creager MA, Barnes GD, Giri J, et al. 2026 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/SCAI/SHM/SIR/SVM/SVN Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2026, 87(13): 1626-1710.
34. 孫俊生, 袁富珍, 姚丁燁, 等. 8-3-2融合問診策略在病史采集教學中的應用. 中華醫學教育雜志, 2025, 45(10): 769-773.Sun JS, Yuan FZ, Yao DY, et al. Application of the 8-3-2 integrated inquiry strategy in history-taking teaching. Chin J Med Educ, 2025, 45(10): 769-773.
35. Thomas SM, Goodacre SW, Sampson FC. Diagnostic value of CT for deep vein thrombosis: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Radiol, 2008, 63(3): 299-304.
36. Mazzolai L, Ageno W, Alatri A, et al. Second consensus document on diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: updated document elaborated by the ESC Working Group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and the ESC Working Group on pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2022, 29(8): 1248-1263.
37. Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 2011, 42(4): 1158-1192.
38. Patel H, Sun H, Hussain AN, et al. Advances in the Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism: A Literature Review. Diagnostics, 2020, 10(6): 365.
39. Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases. Eur Heart J, 2014, 35(41): 2873-2926.
40. Tieck MP, Single C, Poli S, et al. Screening tools for malignancy in patients with cryptogenic stroke: Systematic review. Eur Stroke J, 2025, 10(3): 665-674.
41. Zinellu A, Mangoni AA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between the D-dimer and rheumatic diseases. Immun Inflamm Dis, 2024, 12(7): e1349.
42. Arachchillage DJ, Platton S, Hickey K, et al. Guidelines on the investigation and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol, 2024, 205(3): 855-880.
43. Middeldorp S, Nieuwlaat R, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. American Society of Hematology 2023 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: thrombophilia testing. Blood Adv, 2023, 7(22): 7101-7138.
44. Chiasakul T, Bauer KA. The dos, don'ts, and nuances of thrombophilia testing. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2023, 2023(1): 593-599.
45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2023: 24-25.
46. Chopard R, Albertsen IE, Piazza G. Diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity venous thromboembolism: A review. JAMA, 2020, 324(17): 1765-1776.
47. 2022 exceptional surveillance of venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing (NICE guideline NG158). London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2022: 24.
48. Stein M, Kaplovitch E, Marwaha S. Five things to know about D-dimer testing in clinical practice. CMAJ, 2026, 198(9): E326.
49. 廣東省精準醫學會血液分會出凝血青年專委會, 廣東省易栓癥多學科專家共識編寫組, 黃楷. 廣東省易栓癥診治多學科專家共識. 嶺南現代臨床外科, 2023, 23(5): 367-378.Youth Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Blood Branch of Guangdong Precision Medicine Association, Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus Writing Group on Thrombophilia in Guangdong, Huang K. Multidisciplinary expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of thrombophilia in Guangdong Province. Lingnan Mod Clin Surg, 2023, 23(5): 367-378.
50. 王喬宇, 武明芬, 柳鑫, 等. 2021中國靜脈血栓栓塞癥防治抗凝藥物的選用與藥學監護指南. 中國臨床藥理學雜志, 2021, 37(21): 2999-3016.Wang QY, Wu MF, Liu X, et al. Guidelines for selection and pharmaceutical care of anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in China (2021). Chin J Clin Pharmacol, 2021, 37(21): 2999-3016.
51. 中國康復醫學會心血管病專業委員會. 中國心臟康復與二級預防指南2018精要. 中華內科雜志, 2018, 57(11): 802-810.Cardiovascular Disease Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine. Essential messages of the Chinese guideline on cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention (2018). Chin J Intern Med, 2018, 57(11): 802-810.
52. 周明成, 洪怡. 《美國心肺康復協會(aacvpr)心臟康復指南第六版》關于科學運動與訓練的更新要點. 實用心腦肺血管病雜志, 2021, 29(6): 1-6.Zhou MC, Hong Y. Key updates on scientific exercise and training from the sixth edition of AACVPR guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation. Pract J Cardiac Cereb Pneumal Vasc Dis, 2021, 29(6): 1-6.
53. 國家衛生健康委百萬減殘工程專家委員會, 中國卒中學會腦靜脈病變分會, 中華預防醫學會卒中預防與控制專業委員會. 妊娠期和產褥期腦靜脈血栓形成管理指南(2025版). 中華醫學雜志, 2025, 105(39): 3518-3540.Expert Committee of the National Health Commission‘s Million Disability Reduction Project, Cerebral Venous Diseases Branch of Chinese Stroke Society, Stroke Prevention and Control Committee of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. Management guideline for cerebral venous thrombosis during pregnancy and puerperium (2025). Natl Med J China, 2025, 105(39): 3518-3540.
54. 《中國血栓性疾病防治指南》專家委員會. 中國血栓性疾病防治指南. 中華醫學雜志, 2018, 98(36): 2861-2888.Expert Committee of Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Thrombotic Diseases. Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases. Natl Med J China, 2018, 98(36): 2861-2888.
55. Lutsey PL, Zakai NA. Epidemiology and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2023, 20(4): 248-262.
56. Favresse J, Lippi G, Roy PM, et al. D-dimer: Preanalytical, analytical, postanalytical variables, and clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 2018, 55(8): 548-577.
57. Farge D, Frere C, Connors JM, et al. 2022 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer, including patients with COVID-19. Lancet Oncol, 2022, 23(7): e334-e347.
58. Vedantham S, Desai KR, Weinberg I, et al. Society of interventional radiology position statement on the endovascular management of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2023, 34(2): 284-299.
59. Schlager O, Campello E, Madaric J, et al. 2025 ESVM guidelines on interventional treatment of venous thromboembolism. Vasa, 2025, 54(6): 365-381.
60. 中國微循環學會周圍血管疾病專業委員會下肢靜脈腔內治療專業委員會. 下肢深靜脈血栓形成后綜合征腔內治療專家共識. 血管與腔內血管外科雜志, 2023, 9(7): 769-776.Committee on Endovenous Treatment of Lower Extremity, Peripheral Vascular Diseases Committee of Chinese Society of Microcirculation. Expert consensus on endovascular treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2023, 9(7): 769-776.
61. Forgo G, Cardi S, Fumagalli R, et al. Midterm clinical outcomes of mechanical versus rheolytic thrombectomy for iliofemoral or iliocaval deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2026, 14(3): 102457.
62. 中國老年醫學學會周圍血管疾病管理分會. 老年人靜脈血栓栓塞癥防治中國專家共識. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2023, 30(10): 1173-1187.Peripheral Vascular Disease Management Branch of Chinese Geriatrics Society. Chinese expert consensus on prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in the elderly. Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg, 2023, 30(10): 1173-1187.
63. 中華醫學會婦產科學分會產科學組. 妊娠期及產褥期靜脈血栓栓塞癥預防和診治專家共識. 中華婦產科雜志, 2021, 56(4): 236-243.Obstetrics Group, Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and puerperium. Chin J Obstet Gynecol, 2021, 56(4): 236-243.
64. 武媛杰, 王園園, 王雪霞, 等. 新型口服抗凝藥治療病態肥胖或高體重靜脈血栓栓塞患者的有效性及安全性Meta分析. 中國循環雜志, 2023, 38(2): 195-201.Wu YJ, Wang YY, Wang XX, et al. Efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants in venous thromboembolism patients with morbid obesity or high body weight: a meta-analysis. Chin Circ J, 2023, 38(2): 195-201.
65. 四川省醫學科學院·四川省人民醫院, 電子科技大學醫學院, 個體化藥物治療四川省重點實驗室, 等. 兒童血栓性疾病防治藥學實踐指南. 醫藥導報, 2024, 43(7): 1017-1038.Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Individualized Drug Therapy, et al. Pharmaceutical practice guideline for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases in children. Her Med, 2024, 43(7): 1017-1038.
66. Nazerian P, Mueller C, Soeiro AM, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the aortic dissection detection risk score plus D-dimer for acute aortic syndromes: The ADvISED prospective multicenter study. Circulation, 2018, 137(3): 250-258.
67. Hanna DL, White RH, Wun T. Biomolecular markers of cancer-associated thromboembolism. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2013, 88(1): 19-29.
68. 孫凱, 袁超, 梅勇, 等. 肺栓塞患者D-二聚體值與年齡的相關性. 實用醫學雜志, 2016, 32(14): 2362-2364.Sun K, Yuan C, Mei Y, et al. Correlation between D-dimer value and age in patients with pulmonary embolism. J Pract Med, 2016, 32(14): 2362-2364.
69. Weitz JI, Fredenburgh JC, Eikelboom JW. A test in context: D-dimer. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(19): 2411-2420.
70. Speed V, Roberts LN, Patel JP, et al. Venous thromboembolism and women's health. Br J Haematol, 2018, 183(3): 346-363.
71. Toulon P, Berruyer M, Brionne-Fran?ois M, et al. Age dependency for coagulation parameters in paediatric populations. Results of a multicentre study aimed at defining the age-specific reference ranges. Thromb Haemost, 2016, 116(1): 9-16.
72. 中華醫學會血液學分會血栓與止血學組. 彌散性血管內凝血診斷中國專家共識(2017年版). 中華血液學雜志, 2017, 38(5): 361-363.Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Chinese Society of Hematology, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (2017). Chin J Hematol, 2017, 38(5): 361-363.
73. Mao L, Xu T, Weng Z, et al. Effectiveness of visual management health education in preventing venous thromboembolism in patients with complete occlusion of chronic coronary arteries. J Health Popul Nutr, 2025, 44(1): 114.
74. Salazar E, Smock KJ, Cazzolli T, et al. D-dimer reporting and harmonization: analysis of College of American Pathologists D-dimer proficiency testing program. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2026.
75. Selby R, Meijer P, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer diagnostics: can I use any D-dimer assay? Bridging the knowledge-to-action gap. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2024, 8(1): 102335.
76. Li C, Xu C, Hu G, et al. The performance of quantitative D-dimer assays in Chinese clinical laboratories by analyzing data from National External quality Assessment Scheme. Clin Chim Acta, 2024, 562: 119880.
77. Siennicka A, K?ysz M, Che?stowski K, et al. Reference values of D-Dimers and fibrinogen in the course of physiological pregnancy: the potential impact of selected risk factors—a pilot study. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 3192350.
78. Kearon C, Kahn SR. Long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism. Blood, 2020, 135(5): 317-325.
79. Nicolaides AN, Fareed J, Spyropoulos AC, et al. Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism. International Consensus Statement. Guidelines according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol, 2024, 43(1): 1-222.
80. Palareti G, Legnani C, Antonucci E, et al. D-dimer testing, with gender-specific cutoff levels, is of value to assess the individual risk of venous thromboembolic recurrence in non-elderly patients of both genders: a post hoc analysis of the DULCIS study. Intern Emerg Med, 2020, 15(3): 453-462.
81. Khan F, Rahman A, Carrier M, et al. Long term risk of symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment for first unprovoked venous thromboembolism event: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2019, 366: l4363.
82. Yu ZY, Chan PK, Lin TC, et al. The Prognostic Value of D-Dimer in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Longitudinal Cohort Study in Taiwan. Acta Cardiol Sin, 2024, 40(3): 300-311.
83. Xu L, Zhang J, Shen S, et al. Clinical Frailty Scale and Biomarkers for Assessing Frailty in Elder Inpatients in China. J Nutr Health Aging, 2021, 25(1): 77-83.
84. Streiff MB, Holmstrom B, Angelini D, et al. Cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease, version 2. 2024, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2024, 22(7): 483-506.
85. Oh YJ, Park EH, Park JW, et al. Practical utility of D-dimer test for venous thromboembolism in systemic lupus erythematosus depends on disease activity: a retrospective cohort study. J Korean Med Sci, 2020, 35(43): e356.
86. Falster C, Andersen NH. Diagnostic accuracy of elevated fibrin D-dimer. Ugeskr Laeger, 2022, 184(28): V01220074.
87. S Markus H. D-dimer in ischemic stroke, and insights from HEADPOST into swallowing problems and outcome after stroke. Int J Stroke, 2020, 15(2): 121.
88. Piazza G, Krishnathasan D, Hamade N, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis: a review. JAMA, 2025, 334(22): 2020-2030.
89. Tayal D, Jain P, Goswami B. D-dimer – a multifaceted molecule. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig, 2024, 45(2): 75-84.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Latest ArticlesExpert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of elevated D-dimer (2026)

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Format

Content