Thoracic surgical application of transbronchial ablation technology in the treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules: From technical supplement to hybrid strategy_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

YI Zhangchi ^1,2 ,  SHEN Cheng ²

1. West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

SHEN Cheng, Email: shencheng568_hx@163.com

Keywords：

Multiple pulmonary nodules; transbronchial ablation; electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy; microwave ablation; hybrid surgery; percutaneous ablation; clinical decision-making; learning curve

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202603086

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

For patients whose dominant lesions require surgical resection while secondary lesions are deeply located or contralaterally distributed, traditional approaches typically involve multi-site lung resection, which frequently results in substantial pulmonary trauma and loss of lung function. Transbronchial ablation technology, particularly electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided ablation, offers thoracic surgeons a novel "lung-preserving" strategy. From the perspective of thoracic surgery, this article systematically reviews the current status of transbronchial ablation technology, its application scenarios in hybrid surgery, comparisons with percutaneous ablation, and future development directions, aiming to provide references for individualized comprehensive treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules.

1.	《多發性肺結節中西醫結合診療專家共識》編寫組, 北京中醫藥大學東直門醫院肺病優勢專科聯盟. 多發性肺結節中西醫結合診療專家共識(2025版)[J]. 北京中醫藥大學學報, 2025, 48(11): 1619-1628.Drafting Group of Expert Consensus for Multiple Pulmonary Nodules in Treatment with Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Dongzhimen Hospital Alliance of Dominant Specialty in Lung Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. Expert consensus on integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine diagnosis and treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules (2025 edition)[J]. J Beijing Univ Tradit Chin Med, 2025, 48(11): 1619-1628.
2.	徐國厚, 黃海峽, 陳斌, 等. 單體檢中心23 695例體檢者首次胸部低劑量CT篩查結果及肺結節相關易感因素的研究[J]. 復旦學報(醫學版), 2020, 47(5): 654-659.Xu GH, Huang HX, Chen B, et al. A study on the first chest low-dose CT screening and susceptible factors of pulmonary nodules in 23 695 physical examinees in a medical examination center[J]. Fudan Univ J Med Sci, 2020, 47(5): 654-659.
3.	Liu B, Ye X, Fan W, et al. Expert consensus on the multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of multiple ground glass nodule-like lung cancer (2024 Edition)[J]. J Cancer Res Ther, 2024, 20(4): 1109-1123.
4.	中華醫學會呼吸病學分會, 中國肺癌防治聯盟專家組. 肺結節診治中國專家共識(2024年版)[J]. 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2024, 47(8): 716-729.Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Alliance Against Lung Cancer Expert Group. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules (2024)[J]. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2024, 47(8): 716-729.
5.	Liu W, Chang ATC, Chan JWY, et al. Robotic-assisted and electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for multi-focal lung cancers: a narrative review[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2025, 14(11): 5159-5180.
6.	Kwan SW, Mortell KE, Hippe DS, et al. An economic analysis of sublobar resection versus thermal ablation for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2014, 25(10): 1558-1564.
7.	沈旭, 沈誠, 肖叢佳, 等. 多發肺結節消融治療的研究進展[J]. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2025, 32(3): 401-405.Shen X, Shen C, Xiao CJ, et al. Progress in ablation therapy of pulmonary nodules[J]. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 32(3): 401-405.
8.	侯明遠, 杜貞華, 王志龍, 等. 多發肺結節消融治療研究進展[J]. 介入放射學雜志, 2025, 34(7): 789-796.Hou MY, Du ZH, Wang ZL, et al. Research progress in ablation therapy for multiple pulmonary nodules[J]. J Interv Radiol, 2025, 34(7): 789-796.
9.	Zarogoulidis P, Papadopoulos V, Perdikouri EI, et al. Ablation for single pulmonary nodules, primary or metastatic. Endobronchial ablation systems or percutaneous[J]. J Cancer, 2024, 15(4): 880-888.
10.	Zeng C, Fu X, Yuan Z, et al. Application of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided microwave ablation in multiple pulmonary nodules: a single-centre study[J/OL]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2022, 62(4): ezac071. DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezac071.
11.	Chan JWY, Lau RWH, Chang ATC, et al. Concomitant electromagnetic navigation transbronchial microwave ablation of multiple lung nodules is safe, time-saving, and cost-effective[J]. JTCVS Tech, 2023, 22: 265-272.
12.	Zarogoulidis P, Huang H, Chen W, et al. Radial endobronchial ultrasound for lung cancer diagnosis: tips and tricks[J]. J Cancer, 2022, 13(4): 1307-1312.
13.	Folch EE, Pritchett MA, Nead MA, et al. Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: one-year results of the prospective, multicenter NAVIGATE study[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(3): 445-458.
14.	Yang H, Turgon E, Pan Y, et al. Pilot study of archimedes virtual bronchoscopic navigation system-guided biopsy to diagnose lung nodules in children[J/OL]. Front Pediatr, 2023, 10: 1053289. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1053289.
15.	Khan F, Seaman J, Hunter TD, et al. Diagnostic outcomes of robotic-assisted bronchoscopy for pulmonary lesions in a real-world multicenter community setting[J]. BMC Pulm Med, 2023, 23(1): 161.
16.	Kops SEP, Heus P, Korevaar DA, et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of navigation bronchoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lung Cancer, 2023, 180: 107196.
17.	Koizumi T, Tsushima K, Tanabe T, et al. Bronchoscopy-guided cooled radiofrequency ablation as a novel intervention therapy for peripheral lung cancer[J]. Respiration, 2015, 90(1): 47-55.
18.	Chan JWY, Lau RWH, Ngai JCL, et al. Transbronchial microwave ablation of lung nodules with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy guidance-a novel technique and initial experience with 30 cases[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2021, 10(4): 1608-1622.
19.	Xie F, Chen J, Jiang Y, et al. Microwave ablation via a flexible catheter for the treatment of nonsurgical peripheral lung cancer: a pilot study[J]. Thorac Cancer, 2022, 13(7): 1014-1020.
20.	Steinfort DP, Christie M, Antippa P, et al. Bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation for localized cancer lesions of the lung: a clinical feasibility treat-and-resect study[J]. Respiration, 2021, 100(5): 432-442.
21.	Hammer D, Büdi L, Nagy á, et al. Evaluation of a transbronchial cryoprobe for the ablation of pulmonary nodules: an in vitro pilot study[J]. BMC Pulm Med, 2023, 23(1): 71.
22.	Iliaz S, Caglayan B, Bulutay P, et al. Rapid on-site evaluation and final cytologic diagnoses correlation during endobronchial ultrasonography[J]. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol, 2022, 29(3): 191-197.
23.	Pradeep I, Rath A, Nigam JS. Adoption of rapid on-site evaluation in the routine evaluation of lung cytology specimens[J]. Acta Cytol, 2023, 67(4): 451-452.
24.	Zhong C, Chen E, Su Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel transbronchial radiofrequency ablation system for lung tumours: one year follow‐up from the first multi‐centre large‐scale clinical trial (BRONC‐RFII)[J]. Respirology, 2025, 30(1): 51-61.
25.	Hong S, Ye L, Chen J, et al. Safety and efficacy of transbronchial radiofrequency ablation for stage ⅠA peripheral lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2025, 14(7): 2736-2746.
26.	Chang ATC, Ng CSH, Nezami N. Treatment strategies for malignant pulmonary nodule: beyond lobectomy[J]. Point-counterpoint. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2024, 30(1): 35-47.
27.	Xu Y, Liu Q, Guo C, et al. A novel technique for microwave ablation of malignant pulmonary nodules: electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy with real-time digital subtraction angiography and computed tomography imaging guidance[J/OL]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2025, 67(3): ezaf063. DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaf063.
28.	Lau KKW, Lau RWH, Baranowski R, et al. Transbronchial microwave ablation of peripheral lung tumors[J]. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol, 2023, 31(2): 165-174.
29.	Beattie J, Parrish R, Ayasa L, et al. Safety and feasibility of bronchoscopic microwave ablation technology for peripheral lung cancer: a multi-center, prospective, single-arm study protocol[J]. BMC Surg, 2025, 25: 497.
30.	Botsa E, Thanou I, Tavernakaki K, et al. Ablation techniques in non-small cell lung cancer patients: experience of a single center[J]. Hippokratia, 2022, 26(3): 105-109.
31.	Wang J, Li B, Zhang L, et al. Safety and local efficacy of computed tomography-guided microwave ablation for treating early-stage non-small cell lung cancer adjacent to bronchovascular bundles[J]. Eur Radiol, 2024, 34(1): 236-246.
32.	Wang S, Su C, Li J, et al. The use of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided microwave ablation in patients with multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules: a retrospective study of 26 cases[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2024, 16(10): 6347-6356.
33.	Chan J, Yu P, Lau R, et al. Transbronchial microwave ablation of lung nodules in the hybrid operating room - mid-term follow up of a novel technique[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2021, 16(10): S977.
34.	Sun T, Ge Y, Chen Z, et al. Ion robotic bronchoscopy laser ablation and Da Vinci robotic segmentectomy for bilateral pulmonary nodules: a case report[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2025, 14(2): 619-624.
35.	Zhang C, Xie F, Xi H, et al. Shape-sensing robotic-assisted bronchoscopy combined with cone-beam computed tomography-guided cryoablation for malignant lung tumors[J]. Respiration, 2025, 104(12): 963-973.
36.	Zhang L, Zhang G, Xu R, et al. Computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation combined with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for multiple pulmonary nodules: a retrospective study from the national cancer center in China[J]. World J Surg, 2025, 49(4): 804-813.
37.	Lentz RJ, Frederick-Dyer K, Planz VB, et al. Navigational bronchoscopy or transthoracic needle biopsy for lung nodules[J]. N Engl J Med, 2025, 392(21): 2100-2112.
38.	Huang Y, Zhou L, Wang Y, et al. Improving outcomes in electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided transbronchial microwave ablation for pulmonary nodules: the role of cone-beam computed tomography [J/OL]. Ther Adv Respir Dis, 2025, 19: 17534666251333287. DOI: 10.1177/17534666251333287.
39.	Gu C, Yuan H, Yang C, et al. Transbronchial cryoablation in peripheral lung parenchyma with a novel thin cryoprobe and initial clinical testing[J]. Thorax, 2024, 79(7): 633-643.
40.	Zarogoulidis P, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Chen W, et al. Endobronchial radiofrequency ablation for pulmonary nodules with radial-ebus and navigation: pros and cons[J]. J Cancer, 2023, 14(9): 1562-1570.
41.	Xu Z, Wang X, Ke H, et al. Cryoablation is superior to radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis[J/OL]. Cryobiology, 2023, 112: 104560. DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104560.
42.	Huang Y, Zhou L, Wang Y, et al. Learning curve for electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided microwave ablation: a cumulative sum analysis[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2025, 17(6): 3971-3980.
43.	Murgu S, Chen AC, Gilbert CR, et al. A prospective, multicenter evaluation of safety and diagnostic outcomes with robotic-assisted bronchoscopy[J]. Chest, 2025, 168(2): 539-555.
44.	Pritchett MA, Reisenauer JS, Kern R, et al. Novel image-guided flexible-probe transbronchial microwave ablation for stage 1 lung cancer[J]. Respiration, 2023, 102(3): 182-193.
45.	Rangamuwa K, Steinfort D. Bronchoscopic ablation for non-small cell lung cancer[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2025, 17(12): 11478-11487.
46.	Deng G, Yan S, Bwembya V, et al. Long-term survival in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a case report on the integration of interventional bronchoscopy and systemic immunotherapy[J/OL]. Front Oncol, 2026, 15: 1733112. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1733112.

1. 《多發性肺結節中西醫結合診療專家共識》編寫組, 北京中醫藥大學東直門醫院肺病優勢專科聯盟. 多發性肺結節中西醫結合診療專家共識(2025版)[J]. 北京中醫藥大學學報, 2025, 48(11): 1619-1628.Drafting Group of Expert Consensus for Multiple Pulmonary Nodules in Treatment with Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Dongzhimen Hospital Alliance of Dominant Specialty in Lung Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. Expert consensus on integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine diagnosis and treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules (2025 edition)[J]. J Beijing Univ Tradit Chin Med, 2025, 48(11): 1619-1628.
2. 徐國厚, 黃海峽, 陳斌, 等. 單體檢中心23 695例體檢者首次胸部低劑量CT篩查結果及肺結節相關易感因素的研究[J]. 復旦學報(醫學版), 2020, 47(5): 654-659.Xu GH, Huang HX, Chen B, et al. A study on the first chest low-dose CT screening and susceptible factors of pulmonary nodules in 23 695 physical examinees in a medical examination center[J]. Fudan Univ J Med Sci, 2020, 47(5): 654-659.
3. Liu B, Ye X, Fan W, et al. Expert consensus on the multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of multiple ground glass nodule-like lung cancer (2024 Edition)[J]. J Cancer Res Ther, 2024, 20(4): 1109-1123.
4. 中華醫學會呼吸病學分會, 中國肺癌防治聯盟專家組. 肺結節診治中國專家共識(2024年版)[J]. 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2024, 47(8): 716-729.Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Alliance Against Lung Cancer Expert Group. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules (2024)[J]. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2024, 47(8): 716-729.
5. Liu W, Chang ATC, Chan JWY, et al. Robotic-assisted and electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for multi-focal lung cancers: a narrative review[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2025, 14(11): 5159-5180.
6. Kwan SW, Mortell KE, Hippe DS, et al. An economic analysis of sublobar resection versus thermal ablation for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2014, 25(10): 1558-1564.
7. 沈旭, 沈誠, 肖叢佳, 等. 多發肺結節消融治療的研究進展[J]. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2025, 32(3): 401-405.Shen X, Shen C, Xiao CJ, et al. Progress in ablation therapy of pulmonary nodules[J]. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 32(3): 401-405.
8. 侯明遠, 杜貞華, 王志龍, 等. 多發肺結節消融治療研究進展[J]. 介入放射學雜志, 2025, 34(7): 789-796.Hou MY, Du ZH, Wang ZL, et al. Research progress in ablation therapy for multiple pulmonary nodules[J]. J Interv Radiol, 2025, 34(7): 789-796.
9. Zarogoulidis P, Papadopoulos V, Perdikouri EI, et al. Ablation for single pulmonary nodules, primary or metastatic. Endobronchial ablation systems or percutaneous[J]. J Cancer, 2024, 15(4): 880-888.
10. Zeng C, Fu X, Yuan Z, et al. Application of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided microwave ablation in multiple pulmonary nodules: a single-centre study[J/OL]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2022, 62(4): ezac071. DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezac071.
11. Chan JWY, Lau RWH, Chang ATC, et al. Concomitant electromagnetic navigation transbronchial microwave ablation of multiple lung nodules is safe, time-saving, and cost-effective[J]. JTCVS Tech, 2023, 22: 265-272.
12. Zarogoulidis P, Huang H, Chen W, et al. Radial endobronchial ultrasound for lung cancer diagnosis: tips and tricks[J]. J Cancer, 2022, 13(4): 1307-1312.
13. Folch EE, Pritchett MA, Nead MA, et al. Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: one-year results of the prospective, multicenter NAVIGATE study[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(3): 445-458.
14. Yang H, Turgon E, Pan Y, et al. Pilot study of archimedes virtual bronchoscopic navigation system-guided biopsy to diagnose lung nodules in children[J/OL]. Front Pediatr, 2023, 10: 1053289. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1053289.
15. Khan F, Seaman J, Hunter TD, et al. Diagnostic outcomes of robotic-assisted bronchoscopy for pulmonary lesions in a real-world multicenter community setting[J]. BMC Pulm Med, 2023, 23(1): 161.
16. Kops SEP, Heus P, Korevaar DA, et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of navigation bronchoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lung Cancer, 2023, 180: 107196.
17. Koizumi T, Tsushima K, Tanabe T, et al. Bronchoscopy-guided cooled radiofrequency ablation as a novel intervention therapy for peripheral lung cancer[J]. Respiration, 2015, 90(1): 47-55.
18. Chan JWY, Lau RWH, Ngai JCL, et al. Transbronchial microwave ablation of lung nodules with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy guidance-a novel technique and initial experience with 30 cases[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2021, 10(4): 1608-1622.
19. Xie F, Chen J, Jiang Y, et al. Microwave ablation via a flexible catheter for the treatment of nonsurgical peripheral lung cancer: a pilot study[J]. Thorac Cancer, 2022, 13(7): 1014-1020.
20. Steinfort DP, Christie M, Antippa P, et al. Bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation for localized cancer lesions of the lung: a clinical feasibility treat-and-resect study[J]. Respiration, 2021, 100(5): 432-442.
21. Hammer D, Büdi L, Nagy á, et al. Evaluation of a transbronchial cryoprobe for the ablation of pulmonary nodules: an in vitro pilot study[J]. BMC Pulm Med, 2023, 23(1): 71.
22. Iliaz S, Caglayan B, Bulutay P, et al. Rapid on-site evaluation and final cytologic diagnoses correlation during endobronchial ultrasonography[J]. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol, 2022, 29(3): 191-197.
23. Pradeep I, Rath A, Nigam JS. Adoption of rapid on-site evaluation in the routine evaluation of lung cytology specimens[J]. Acta Cytol, 2023, 67(4): 451-452.
24. Zhong C, Chen E, Su Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel transbronchial radiofrequency ablation system for lung tumours: one year follow‐up from the first multi‐centre large‐scale clinical trial (BRONC‐RFII)[J]. Respirology, 2025, 30(1): 51-61.
25. Hong S, Ye L, Chen J, et al. Safety and efficacy of transbronchial radiofrequency ablation for stage ⅠA peripheral lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2025, 14(7): 2736-2746.
26. Chang ATC, Ng CSH, Nezami N. Treatment strategies for malignant pulmonary nodule: beyond lobectomy[J]. Point-counterpoint. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2024, 30(1): 35-47.
27. Xu Y, Liu Q, Guo C, et al. A novel technique for microwave ablation of malignant pulmonary nodules: electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy with real-time digital subtraction angiography and computed tomography imaging guidance[J/OL]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2025, 67(3): ezaf063. DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaf063.
28. Lau KKW, Lau RWH, Baranowski R, et al. Transbronchial microwave ablation of peripheral lung tumors[J]. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol, 2023, 31(2): 165-174.
29. Beattie J, Parrish R, Ayasa L, et al. Safety and feasibility of bronchoscopic microwave ablation technology for peripheral lung cancer: a multi-center, prospective, single-arm study protocol[J]. BMC Surg, 2025, 25: 497.
30. Botsa E, Thanou I, Tavernakaki K, et al. Ablation techniques in non-small cell lung cancer patients: experience of a single center[J]. Hippokratia, 2022, 26(3): 105-109.
31. Wang J, Li B, Zhang L, et al. Safety and local efficacy of computed tomography-guided microwave ablation for treating early-stage non-small cell lung cancer adjacent to bronchovascular bundles[J]. Eur Radiol, 2024, 34(1): 236-246.
32. Wang S, Su C, Li J, et al. The use of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided microwave ablation in patients with multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules: a retrospective study of 26 cases[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2024, 16(10): 6347-6356.
33. Chan J, Yu P, Lau R, et al. Transbronchial microwave ablation of lung nodules in the hybrid operating room - mid-term follow up of a novel technique[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2021, 16(10): S977.
34. Sun T, Ge Y, Chen Z, et al. Ion robotic bronchoscopy laser ablation and Da Vinci robotic segmentectomy for bilateral pulmonary nodules: a case report[J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2025, 14(2): 619-624.
35. Zhang C, Xie F, Xi H, et al. Shape-sensing robotic-assisted bronchoscopy combined with cone-beam computed tomography-guided cryoablation for malignant lung tumors[J]. Respiration, 2025, 104(12): 963-973.
36. Zhang L, Zhang G, Xu R, et al. Computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation combined with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for multiple pulmonary nodules: a retrospective study from the national cancer center in China[J]. World J Surg, 2025, 49(4): 804-813.
37. Lentz RJ, Frederick-Dyer K, Planz VB, et al. Navigational bronchoscopy or transthoracic needle biopsy for lung nodules[J]. N Engl J Med, 2025, 392(21): 2100-2112.
38. Huang Y, Zhou L, Wang Y, et al. Improving outcomes in electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided transbronchial microwave ablation for pulmonary nodules: the role of cone-beam computed tomography [J/OL]. Ther Adv Respir Dis, 2025, 19: 17534666251333287. DOI: 10.1177/17534666251333287.
39. Gu C, Yuan H, Yang C, et al. Transbronchial cryoablation in peripheral lung parenchyma with a novel thin cryoprobe and initial clinical testing[J]. Thorax, 2024, 79(7): 633-643.
40. Zarogoulidis P, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Chen W, et al. Endobronchial radiofrequency ablation for pulmonary nodules with radial-ebus and navigation: pros and cons[J]. J Cancer, 2023, 14(9): 1562-1570.
41. Xu Z, Wang X, Ke H, et al. Cryoablation is superior to radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis[J/OL]. Cryobiology, 2023, 112: 104560. DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104560.
42. Huang Y, Zhou L, Wang Y, et al. Learning curve for electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided microwave ablation: a cumulative sum analysis[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2025, 17(6): 3971-3980.
43. Murgu S, Chen AC, Gilbert CR, et al. A prospective, multicenter evaluation of safety and diagnostic outcomes with robotic-assisted bronchoscopy[J]. Chest, 2025, 168(2): 539-555.
44. Pritchett MA, Reisenauer JS, Kern R, et al. Novel image-guided flexible-probe transbronchial microwave ablation for stage 1 lung cancer[J]. Respiration, 2023, 102(3): 182-193.
45. Rangamuwa K, Steinfort D. Bronchoscopic ablation for non-small cell lung cancer[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2025, 17(12): 11478-11487.
46. Deng G, Yan S, Bwembya V, et al. Long-term survival in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a case report on the integration of interventional bronchoscopy and systemic immunotherapy[J/OL]. Front Oncol, 2026, 15: 1733112. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1733112.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Latest ArticlesThoracic surgical application of transbronchial ablation technology in the treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules: From technical supplement to hybrid strategy

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