Expert consensus on the clinical application of domestic ultra-high-definition medical endoscopes in cardiovascular surgery (2026 edition)_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

ZHAO Junfei ^1,2 , HE Biaochuan ¹ , TENG Yun ¹ , LI Xiaohua ¹ , CHEN Zerui ¹ , LIU Chungeng ¹ , REN Yijiu ³ ,  CHEN Chang ⁴ ,  DONG Nianguo ³ ,  CHEN Jimei ¹ , Chinese Association of Cardiovascular Surgeons

1. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China;
2. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Ganzhou Hospital, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Guangdong, P. R. China;
3. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430015, P. R. China;
4. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

CHEN Chang, Email: chenthoracic@163.com; DONG Nianguo, Email: dongnianguo@hotmail.com; CHEN Jimei, Email: chenjimei@gdph.org.cn

Keywords：

Endoscope; ultra-high-definition; minimally invasive; cardiovascular surgery; domestic medical equipment; expert consensus

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202601112

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

This consensus focuses on the clinical application of domestic ultra-high-definition (UHD) medical endoscopes in cardiovascular surgery, addressing their clinical value, key technical aspects, and strategies for broader implementation. It traces the evolution of domestic endoscopic platforms from high-resolution imaging toward integrated advanced functionalities such as fluorescence imaging, three-dimensional visualization, and intelligent assistance. The document outlines standardized procedural steps and perioperative management pathways for minimally invasive endoscopic cardiovascular surgery and summarizes specific application scenarios and technical considerations in congenital heart disease, valvular disorders, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and cardiac tumors. Furthermore, recommendations are provided regarding professional training, multicenter collaboration, the establishment of clinical evaluation systems, and coordinated policy-industry support to promote standardized adoption and high-quality dissemination of domestic medical devices. Based on available evidence and expert agreement, 16 consensus statements are presented, aiming to offer authoritative and actionable guidance for clinical practice.

1.	高樹庚, 胡堅, 張蘭軍, 等. 醫用內窺鏡臨床評價體系專家共識. 中國肺癌雜志, 2020, 23(6): 409-413.Gao SG, Hu J, Zhang LJ, et al. Chinese expert consensus statement on clinical evaluation system of medical endoscopy. Chin J Lung Cancer, 2020, 23(6): 409-413.
2.	陸樹洋, 楊曄, 魏來, 等. 2020—2021年度中國微創心血管外科手術統計及未來發展思考. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(4): 483-490.Lu SY, Yang Y, Wei L, et al. Statistics of minimally invasive cardiovascular surgery in China from 2020 to 2021 and thoughts on future development. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(4): 483-490.
3.	Amin A, Kumar R, Mokhtassi SS, et al. Minimally invasive vs. conventional mitral valve surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2024, 11: 1437524.
4.	Poddi S, Rungatscher A. Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: A State-of-the-Art Review. J Clin Med, 2026, 15(1): 371.
5.	中國醫療保健國際交流促進會胸外科分會, 中國抗癌協會肺部腫瘤整合康復專業委員會, 浙江省醫師協會胸外科醫師分會, 等. 4K熒光高端國產醫用內窺鏡全國胸外科臨床應用評價專家共識(2023). 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2024, 31(3): 337-342.Thoracic Surgery Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Integrated Rehabilitation Committee on Lung Cancer of China Anti-Cancer Association, Thoracic Surgeons Branch of Zhejiang Medical Doctors Association, et al. National expert consensus on clinical application evaluation of domestically manufactured high-end 4K fluorescence medical endoscopy in thoracic surgery (2023). Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2024, 31(3): 337-342.
6.	Ban Y, McNeely B, Chadha NK, et al. Safety and efficacy of three-dimensional versus two-dimensional endoscopy in otolaryngology surgery and training: a systematic review. Clin Otolaryngol, 2024, 49(5): 538-551.
7.	Nebor I, Anderson Z, Mejia-Munne JC, et al. 2D versus 3D endoscopy: head-to-head comparison in a simulated model of endoscopic endonasal dural suturing. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base, 2022, 83(4): 423-429.
8.	Savini C, Cappabianca G, Alfieri O, et al. Advancing minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: early outcomes of a total endoscopic 2D and 3D approach. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 2025, 12(12): 501.
9.	Verma A, Kim JJ, Sakowitz S, et al. Association of robotic assistance with short-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg Short Rep, 2025, 3(3): 603-608.
10.	Khalpey Z, Kumar U, Khalpey ZI, et al. Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for accurate detection of an intramural coronary artery during robotic coronary artery bypass grafting. JTCVS Tech, 2025, 30: 94-97.
11.	顏倩, 周勘, 柯英杰, 等. 全腔鏡微創與傳統正中開胸二尖瓣成形的圍術期臨床結果比較. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2020, 27(12): 1407-1412.Yan Q, Zhou K, Ke YJ, et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes between totally endoscopic minimally invasive mitral valvuloplasty and conventional median sternotomy. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 27(12): 1407-1412.
12.	El-Andari R, Watkins AR, Fialka NM, et al. Minimally Invasive approaches to mitral valve surgery: where are we now? a narrative review. Can J Cardiol, 2024, 40(9): 1679-1689.
13.	Akowuah EF, Maier RH, Hancock HC, et al. Minimally invasive thoracoscopically-guided right minithoracotomy versus conventional sternotomy for mitral valve repair: the UK Mini Mitral multicentre RCT. Health Technol Assess, 2025, 29(55): 1-121.
14.	Kainuma S, Kawamoto N, Kakuta T, et al. Mitral valve repair by right mini-thoracotomy compared with sternotomy: 21-year single-center experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2026. [Epub ahead of print].
15.	Spadini FA, Lira KB, Delvaux RS, et al. Minimally invasive versus conventional mitral valve surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Open Heart, 2026, 13(1): e003612.
16.	張澤, 蔣偉, 李思聰, 等. 全胸腔鏡微創心臟手術臨床療效分析. 中國臨床新醫學, 2023, 16(4): 375-378.Zhang Z, Jiang W, Li SC, et al. Clinical efficacy analysis of totally thoracoscopic minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Chin J New Clin Med, 2023, 16(4): 375-378.
17.	Hawkins RB, Mehaffey JH, Kessel SM, et al. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is associated with excellent resource utilization, cost, and outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 156(2): 611-616. e3.
18.	易定華, 俞世強, 徐學增, 等. 我國胸腔鏡微創心臟手術技術操作規范專家共識(征求意見稿第二版). 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2016, 23(4): 315-318.Yi DH, Yu SQ, Xu XZ, et al. Expert consensus on technical specifications for thoracoscopic minimally invasive cardiac surgery in China (second draft). Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 23(4): 315-318.
19.	中國心胸血管麻醉學會心血管麻醉分會. 微創心臟手術圍手術期管理專家共識(2025版). 中華麻醉學雜志, 2025, 45(7): 790-801.Cardiovascular Anesthesiology Branch of Chinese Society of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesiology. Expert consensus on perioperative management of minimally invasive cardiac surgery (2025 edition). Chin J Anesthesiol, 2025, 45(7): 790-801.
20.	Grant MC, Crisafi C, Alvarez A, et al. Perioperative care in cardiac surgery: a joint consensus statement by the enhanced recovery after Surgery Cardiac Society, ERAS International Society, and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg, 2024, 117(4): 669-689.
21.	Engelman DT, Ben Ali W, Williams JB, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in cardiac surgery: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Society Recommendations. JAMA Surg, 2019, 154(8): 755-766.
22.	Othenin-Girard A, Ltaief Z, Verdugo-Marchese M, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols in cardiac surgery: impact on opioid consumption. J Clin Med, 2025, 14(5): 1768.
23.	Holzhey DM, Seeburger J, Misfeld M, et al. Learning minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a cumulative sum sequential probability analysis of 3895 operations from a single high-volume center. Circulation, 2013, 128(5): 483-491.
24.	Akowuah EF, Maier RH, Hancock HC, et al. Minithoracotomy versus conventional sternotomy for mitral valve repair: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2023, 329(22): 1957-1966.
25.	Theodosiadis G, Emrich F, Walther T, et al. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: standard vs. endoscopic approach. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2026, 13: 1736030.
26.	Hwang B, Ren J, Wang K, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of two decades of reported outcomes for robotic coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 13(4): 311-325.
27.	Wilson-Smith AR, Wilson-Smith CJ, Smith JS, et al. The outcomes of robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in the Atlantic demographic-a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 13(5): 388-396.
28.	Peul RC, Kharbanda RK, Koning S, et al. Intraoperative assessment of myocardial perfusion using near-infrared fluorescence and indocyanine green: a literature review. JTCVS Tech, 2025, 30: 81-93.
29.	Balacumaraswami L, Taggart DP. Intraoperative imaging techniques to assess coronary bypass graft patency: intraoperative fluorescence imaging and transit-time flowmetry. Ann Thorac Surg, 2007, 83(6): 2251-2257.
30.	Buch AN, Alwair H, Cook CM, et al. Immediate impact of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on regional myocardial perfusion: results from the Collaborative Pilot Study to Determine the Correlation Between Intraoperative Observations Using Spy Near-Infrared Imaging and Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Physiological Assessment of Lesion Severity. JTCVS Open, 2022, 12: 158-176.
31.	On YK, Park KM, Jeong DS, et al. Electrophysiologic results after thoracoscopic ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 100(5): 1595-1603.
32.	Aerts L, Kawczynski MJ, Luermans J, et al. Effectiveness of catheter and standalone surgical ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation: a Bayesian-network meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol, 2026, 42(1): 136-148.
33.	Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2024, 149(1): e1-e156.
34.	Muneretto C, Baudo M, Rosati F, et al. Thoracoscopic surgical ablation of lone atrial fibrillation: long-term outcomes at 7 years. Ann Thorac Surg, 2023, 116(6): 1292-1299.
35.	Aerts L, Kawczynski MJ, Bidar E, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes in isolated vs. hybrid thoracoscopic ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and reconstructed individual patient data meta-analysis. Europace, 2024, 26(10): euae232.
36.	Muston BT, Bilbrough J, Eranki A, et al. Mid-to-long-term recurrence of atrial fibrillation in surgical treatment vs. catheter ablation: a meta-analysis using aggregated survival data. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 13(1): 18-30.
37.	Arjomandi Rad A, Hajzamani D, Sardari Nia P. Simulation-based training in cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2023, 37: ivad079.
38.	朱任, 黃煥雷, 柯英杰. 全胸腔鏡心臟手術的學習曲線. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2018, 25(9): 791-794.Zhu R, Huang HL, Ke YJ. Learning curve of totally thoracoscopic cardiac surgery. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 25(9): 791-794.
39.	王婧涵, 黃雨晨, 周健, 等. 華西智能腔鏡訓練與考核系統應用于微創外科技能培訓的回顧下隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2025, 32(8): 1540-1546.Wang JH, Huang YC, Zhou J, et al. Application of the Huaxi Intelligent Endoscopic Skill Training and Assessment System in minimally invasive surgical skill training: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 32(8): 1540-1546.
40.	陳昶, 上海市醫學會胸外科專科分會, 上海市醫師協會胸外科醫師分會, 等. 國產高端腔鏡胸外科應用評價指標專家共識. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2026, 33(1): 13-18.Chen C, Thoracic Surgery Specialty Branch of Shanghai Medical Association, Thoracic Surgeons Branch of Shanghai Medical Doctors Association, et al. Expert consensus on evaluation indicators for the application of domestically manufactured high-end endoscopic systems in thoracic surgery. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2026, 33(1): 13-18.
41.	李昀遙, 黃兵. 人工智能技術在結構性心臟病診治和預后評估中的應用研究進展. 山東醫藥, 2025, 65(4): 136-140.Li YY, Huang B. Research progress on the application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic evaluation of structural heart disease. Shandong Med J, 2025, 65(4): 136-140.
42.	Kono Y, Inomata M, Sumi Y, et al. A multicenter survey of effects and challenges of an 8K ultra-high-definition endoscopy system compared to existing endoscopy systems for endoscopic surgery. Asian J Endosc Surg, 2023, 16(1): 50-57.

1. 高樹庚, 胡堅, 張蘭軍, 等. 醫用內窺鏡臨床評價體系專家共識. 中國肺癌雜志, 2020, 23(6): 409-413.Gao SG, Hu J, Zhang LJ, et al. Chinese expert consensus statement on clinical evaluation system of medical endoscopy. Chin J Lung Cancer, 2020, 23(6): 409-413.
2. 陸樹洋, 楊曄, 魏來, 等. 2020—2021年度中國微創心血管外科手術統計及未來發展思考. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(4): 483-490.Lu SY, Yang Y, Wei L, et al. Statistics of minimally invasive cardiovascular surgery in China from 2020 to 2021 and thoughts on future development. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(4): 483-490.
3. Amin A, Kumar R, Mokhtassi SS, et al. Minimally invasive vs. conventional mitral valve surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2024, 11: 1437524.
4. Poddi S, Rungatscher A. Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: A State-of-the-Art Review. J Clin Med, 2026, 15(1): 371.
5. 中國醫療保健國際交流促進會胸外科分會, 中國抗癌協會肺部腫瘤整合康復專業委員會, 浙江省醫師協會胸外科醫師分會, 等. 4K熒光高端國產醫用內窺鏡全國胸外科臨床應用評價專家共識(2023). 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2024, 31(3): 337-342.Thoracic Surgery Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Integrated Rehabilitation Committee on Lung Cancer of China Anti-Cancer Association, Thoracic Surgeons Branch of Zhejiang Medical Doctors Association, et al. National expert consensus on clinical application evaluation of domestically manufactured high-end 4K fluorescence medical endoscopy in thoracic surgery (2023). Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2024, 31(3): 337-342.
6. Ban Y, McNeely B, Chadha NK, et al. Safety and efficacy of three-dimensional versus two-dimensional endoscopy in otolaryngology surgery and training: a systematic review. Clin Otolaryngol, 2024, 49(5): 538-551.
7. Nebor I, Anderson Z, Mejia-Munne JC, et al. 2D versus 3D endoscopy: head-to-head comparison in a simulated model of endoscopic endonasal dural suturing. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base, 2022, 83(4): 423-429.
8. Savini C, Cappabianca G, Alfieri O, et al. Advancing minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: early outcomes of a total endoscopic 2D and 3D approach. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 2025, 12(12): 501.
9. Verma A, Kim JJ, Sakowitz S, et al. Association of robotic assistance with short-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg Short Rep, 2025, 3(3): 603-608.
10. Khalpey Z, Kumar U, Khalpey ZI, et al. Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for accurate detection of an intramural coronary artery during robotic coronary artery bypass grafting. JTCVS Tech, 2025, 30: 94-97.
11. 顏倩, 周勘, 柯英杰, 等. 全腔鏡微創與傳統正中開胸二尖瓣成形的圍術期臨床結果比較. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2020, 27(12): 1407-1412.Yan Q, Zhou K, Ke YJ, et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes between totally endoscopic minimally invasive mitral valvuloplasty and conventional median sternotomy. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 27(12): 1407-1412.
12. El-Andari R, Watkins AR, Fialka NM, et al. Minimally Invasive approaches to mitral valve surgery: where are we now? a narrative review. Can J Cardiol, 2024, 40(9): 1679-1689.
13. Akowuah EF, Maier RH, Hancock HC, et al. Minimally invasive thoracoscopically-guided right minithoracotomy versus conventional sternotomy for mitral valve repair: the UK Mini Mitral multicentre RCT. Health Technol Assess, 2025, 29(55): 1-121.
14. Kainuma S, Kawamoto N, Kakuta T, et al. Mitral valve repair by right mini-thoracotomy compared with sternotomy: 21-year single-center experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2026. [Epub ahead of print].
15. Spadini FA, Lira KB, Delvaux RS, et al. Minimally invasive versus conventional mitral valve surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Open Heart, 2026, 13(1): e003612.
16. 張澤, 蔣偉, 李思聰, 等. 全胸腔鏡微創心臟手術臨床療效分析. 中國臨床新醫學, 2023, 16(4): 375-378.Zhang Z, Jiang W, Li SC, et al. Clinical efficacy analysis of totally thoracoscopic minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Chin J New Clin Med, 2023, 16(4): 375-378.
17. Hawkins RB, Mehaffey JH, Kessel SM, et al. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is associated with excellent resource utilization, cost, and outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 156(2): 611-616. e3.
18. 易定華, 俞世強, 徐學增, 等. 我國胸腔鏡微創心臟手術技術操作規范專家共識(征求意見稿第二版). 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2016, 23(4): 315-318.Yi DH, Yu SQ, Xu XZ, et al. Expert consensus on technical specifications for thoracoscopic minimally invasive cardiac surgery in China (second draft). Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 23(4): 315-318.
19. 中國心胸血管麻醉學會心血管麻醉分會. 微創心臟手術圍手術期管理專家共識(2025版). 中華麻醉學雜志, 2025, 45(7): 790-801.Cardiovascular Anesthesiology Branch of Chinese Society of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesiology. Expert consensus on perioperative management of minimally invasive cardiac surgery (2025 edition). Chin J Anesthesiol, 2025, 45(7): 790-801.
20. Grant MC, Crisafi C, Alvarez A, et al. Perioperative care in cardiac surgery: a joint consensus statement by the enhanced recovery after Surgery Cardiac Society, ERAS International Society, and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg, 2024, 117(4): 669-689.
21. Engelman DT, Ben Ali W, Williams JB, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in cardiac surgery: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Society Recommendations. JAMA Surg, 2019, 154(8): 755-766.
22. Othenin-Girard A, Ltaief Z, Verdugo-Marchese M, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols in cardiac surgery: impact on opioid consumption. J Clin Med, 2025, 14(5): 1768.
23. Holzhey DM, Seeburger J, Misfeld M, et al. Learning minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a cumulative sum sequential probability analysis of 3895 operations from a single high-volume center. Circulation, 2013, 128(5): 483-491.
24. Akowuah EF, Maier RH, Hancock HC, et al. Minithoracotomy versus conventional sternotomy for mitral valve repair: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2023, 329(22): 1957-1966.
25. Theodosiadis G, Emrich F, Walther T, et al. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: standard vs. endoscopic approach. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2026, 13: 1736030.
26. Hwang B, Ren J, Wang K, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of two decades of reported outcomes for robotic coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 13(4): 311-325.
27. Wilson-Smith AR, Wilson-Smith CJ, Smith JS, et al. The outcomes of robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in the Atlantic demographic-a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 13(5): 388-396.
28. Peul RC, Kharbanda RK, Koning S, et al. Intraoperative assessment of myocardial perfusion using near-infrared fluorescence and indocyanine green: a literature review. JTCVS Tech, 2025, 30: 81-93.
29. Balacumaraswami L, Taggart DP. Intraoperative imaging techniques to assess coronary bypass graft patency: intraoperative fluorescence imaging and transit-time flowmetry. Ann Thorac Surg, 2007, 83(6): 2251-2257.
30. Buch AN, Alwair H, Cook CM, et al. Immediate impact of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on regional myocardial perfusion: results from the Collaborative Pilot Study to Determine the Correlation Between Intraoperative Observations Using Spy Near-Infrared Imaging and Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Physiological Assessment of Lesion Severity. JTCVS Open, 2022, 12: 158-176.
31. On YK, Park KM, Jeong DS, et al. Electrophysiologic results after thoracoscopic ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 100(5): 1595-1603.
32. Aerts L, Kawczynski MJ, Luermans J, et al. Effectiveness of catheter and standalone surgical ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation: a Bayesian-network meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol, 2026, 42(1): 136-148.
33. Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2024, 149(1): e1-e156.
34. Muneretto C, Baudo M, Rosati F, et al. Thoracoscopic surgical ablation of lone atrial fibrillation: long-term outcomes at 7 years. Ann Thorac Surg, 2023, 116(6): 1292-1299.
35. Aerts L, Kawczynski MJ, Bidar E, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes in isolated vs. hybrid thoracoscopic ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and reconstructed individual patient data meta-analysis. Europace, 2024, 26(10): euae232.
36. Muston BT, Bilbrough J, Eranki A, et al. Mid-to-long-term recurrence of atrial fibrillation in surgical treatment vs. catheter ablation: a meta-analysis using aggregated survival data. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 13(1): 18-30.
37. Arjomandi Rad A, Hajzamani D, Sardari Nia P. Simulation-based training in cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2023, 37: ivad079.
38. 朱任, 黃煥雷, 柯英杰. 全胸腔鏡心臟手術的學習曲線. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2018, 25(9): 791-794.Zhu R, Huang HL, Ke YJ. Learning curve of totally thoracoscopic cardiac surgery. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 25(9): 791-794.
39. 王婧涵, 黃雨晨, 周健, 等. 華西智能腔鏡訓練與考核系統應用于微創外科技能培訓的回顧下隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2025, 32(8): 1540-1546.Wang JH, Huang YC, Zhou J, et al. Application of the Huaxi Intelligent Endoscopic Skill Training and Assessment System in minimally invasive surgical skill training: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 32(8): 1540-1546.
40. 陳昶, 上海市醫學會胸外科專科分會, 上海市醫師協會胸外科醫師分會, 等. 國產高端腔鏡胸外科應用評價指標專家共識. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2026, 33(1): 13-18.Chen C, Thoracic Surgery Specialty Branch of Shanghai Medical Association, Thoracic Surgeons Branch of Shanghai Medical Doctors Association, et al. Expert consensus on evaluation indicators for the application of domestically manufactured high-end endoscopic systems in thoracic surgery. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2026, 33(1): 13-18.
41. 李昀遙, 黃兵. 人工智能技術在結構性心臟病診治和預后評估中的應用研究進展. 山東醫藥, 2025, 65(4): 136-140.Li YY, Huang B. Research progress on the application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic evaluation of structural heart disease. Shandong Med J, 2025, 65(4): 136-140.
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Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Latest ArticlesExpert consensus on the clinical application of domestic ultra-high-definition medical endoscopes in cardiovascular surgery (2026 edition)

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