Current status and future prospects of global robotic surgery: evolution of from thoracic surgery to multidisciplinary integration_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

CHENG Ming , XU Wei , DING Renquan , HU Boxiao ,  WANG Shumin

Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Shumin, Email: sureman2003congo@163.com

Keywords：

Da Vinci surgical system; surgical procedures; multidisciplinary integration; globalization; ethical supervision; policies & regulations; future trends

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.2026010123

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

This article systematically elucidates the current development status and future trends of robot-assisted surgery worldwide. Currently, robotic surgery led by the Da Vinci Surgical System has been widely adopted across multiple disciplines, including thoracic surgery, urology, and gynecology, demonstrating advantages such as precision, stability, and minimal invasiveness. Significant regional disparities exist in the global distribution of robotic surgery, reflecting inequalities in healthcare resources and economic development worldwide. China is rapidly emerging in the field of robotic surgery, undergoing a strategic transition from technology adoption to independent innovation: domestically developed systems (e.g., Toumai, Surgibot) have demonstrated safety and efficacy in multidisciplinary clinical practice; leveraging the advantages of 5G technology, remote robotic surgery has progressed from proof-of-concept to clinical reality, offering innovative solutions for equitable healthcare resource allocation; meanwhile, a quality control system spanning from national strategic planning to clinical operational standards is under development. Confronted with core challenges such as high costs, technical barriers (e.g., lack of force feedback), steep learning curves, lagging regulatory and ethical frameworks, and uneven regional development, future robotic surgery will deeply integrate artificial intelligence, evolving toward single-port/flexible miniaturization, normalization of remote surgery, and personalized precision treatment. Ultimately, it will drive the transformation of surgical medicine toward a new paradigm characterized by greater precision, intelligence, and accessibility, and is expected to play a strategic role in public health emergencies and disaster relief operations.

1.	李艷君, 譚祥秀. 機器人輔助胸腔鏡手術在胸外科的應用現狀及展望. 中國醫學創新, 2023, 20(15): 170-174.Li YJ, Tan XX. Application and prospects of robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in thoracic surgery. Med Innov China, 2023, 20(15): 170-174.
2.	Moglia A, Georgiou K, Georgiou E, et al. A systematic review on artificial intelligence in robot-assisted surgery. Int J Surg, 2021, 95: 106151. Epub.
3.	黃佳, 田禹, 陸佩吉, 等. 國產圖邁?微創腔鏡手術機器人輔助右肺上葉切除兩例. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2022, 29(4): 519-523.Huang J, Tian Y, Lu PJ, et al. Right upper lobe resection assisted by Toumai? endoscopic surgery robot in two patients. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2022, 29(4): 519-523.
4.	郭成旺, 張銘澤, 郭璽, 等. “雙中心”背景下5G遠程機器人外科的發展機遇與挑戰. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(1): 6-11.Guo CW, Zhang MZ, Guo X, et al. Development opportunities and challenges of 5G remote robot-assisted surgery in the context of double-center construction. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(1): 6-11.
5.	成名, 許世廣, 徐惟, 等. 機器人輔助與電視輔助胸腔鏡手術治療非小細胞肺癌近遠期生存差異的回顧性隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2022, 29(9): 1133-1139.Cheng M, Xu SG, Xu W, et al. Short- and long-term survival between robot-assisted thoracic surgery and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2022, 29(9): 1133-1139.
6.	Ma J, Xu W, Chen R, et al. Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: the first separate systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(5): 1350-1359.
7.	Husen TF, Kohar K, Angelica R, et al. Robotic vs other surgery techniques for mitral valve repair and/or replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hellenic J Cardiol, 2023, 71: 16-25.
8.	Wang CJ, Qin J, Liu Y, et al. Perioperative, functional, and oncologic outcomes in obese patients undergoing Da Vinci robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol, 2024, 24(1): 207.
9.	Alrajeb R, Zarti M, Shuia Z, et al. Robotic-assisted versus conventional total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2024, 34(3): 1333-1343.
10.	Sun XY, Xu L, Lu JY, et al. Robotic versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol, 2019, 28(3): 135-142.
11.	景武堂, 萬浩浩, 苗長豐, 等. 5G遠程機器人手術的應用現狀及展望. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(1): 1-5.Jing WT, Wan HH, Miao CF, et al. Current status and prospects of 5G remote robot-assisted surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(1): 1-5.
12.	Ramsay C, Pickard R, Robertson C, et al. Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer. Health Technol Assess, 2012, 16(41): 1-313.
13.	Maeso S, Reza M, Mayol JA, et al. Efficacy of the Da Vinci surgical system in abdominal surgery compared with that of laparoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2010, 252(2): 254-262.
14.	Hoyuela C, Juvany M, Carvajal F. Single-incision laparoscopy versus standard laparoscopy for colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg, 2017, 214(1): 127-140.
15.	Ind T, Laios A, Hacking M, et al. A comparison of operative outcomes between standard and robotic laparoscopic surgery for endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Med Robot, 2017, 13(4): e1851.
16.	Pan JH, Zhou H, Zhao XX, et al. Robotic thyroidectomy versus conventional open thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(10): 3985-4001.
17.	羅清泉, 王述民, 李鶴成, 等. 機器人輔助肺癌手術中國臨床專家共識. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2020, 27(10): 1119-1126.Luo QQ, Wang SM, Li HC, et al. Chinese expert consensus on robot-assisted pulmonary resections. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 27(10): 1119-1126.
18.	Mmeje CO, Martin AD, Nunez-Nateras R, et al. Cost analysis of open radical cystectomy versus robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Curr Urol Rep, 2013, 14(1): 26-31.
19.	Steffens D, Thanigasalam R, Leslie S, et al. Robotic surgery in uro-oncology: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Urology, 2017, 106: 9-17.
20.	成名, 劉德宇, 吳瓊, 等. 機器人與胸腔鏡輔助左肺上葉肺癌根治術治療非小細胞肺癌的回顧性隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(5): 672-677.Cheng M, Liu DY, Wu Q, et al. Perioperative outcomes of robot-assisted versus video-assisted left upper lobectomy in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(5): 672-677.
21.	劉星池, 許世廣, 劉博, 等. 達芬奇機器人與劍突下胸腔鏡前縱隔腫瘤切除術療效比較的回顧性隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(11): 1551-1555.Liu XC, Xu SG, Liu B, et al. Da Vinci robotic versus thoracoscopic surgery via subxiphoid approach for treatment of anterior mediastinal tumor: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(11): 1551-1555.
22.	馬征, 岳韋名, 高存, 等. 基于傾向性評分匹配法的機器人與胸腔鏡輔助胸外科手術治療肺癌的近期效果比較. 中華胸部外科電子雜志, 2020, 7(4): 208-213.Ma Z, Yue WM, Gao C, et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes between robot-assisted thoracic surgery and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery on lung cancer: a study based on propensity score matching. Chin J Thorac Surg (Electron Ed), 2020, 7(4): 208-213.
23.	賈昱欣, 張亞杰, 李鶴成. 機器人手術在胸外科的應用現狀與進展. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2022, 3(5): 367-375.Jia YX, Zhang YJ, Li HC. Applications and advances of robotic surgical system in thoracic surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2022, 3(5): 367-375.
24.	戴富強, 陶紹霖, 吳曉麗, 等. 機器人與電視輔助胸腔鏡非典型肺段切除術治療早期非小細胞肺癌的回顧性隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(4): 557-563.Dai FQ, Tao SL, Wu XL, et al. Perioperative outcomes of robotic-assisted versus video-assisted thoracoscopic atypical segmentectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(4): 557-563.
25.	謝博恒, 隋天一, 秦毅, 等. 機器人輔助與電視輔助胸腔鏡肺段切除術治療早期非小細胞肺癌短期效果比較. 中國肺癌雜志, 2019, 22(12): 767-771.Xie BH, Sui TY, Qin Y, et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes of lung segmentectomy by robotic-assisted and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Chin J Lung Cancer, 2019, 22(12): 767-771.
26.	李劍濤, 黃佳, 林皓, 等. 單中心連續333例機器人輔助胸腔鏡肺葉切除術治療Ⅰ期非小細胞肺癌. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2017, 24(11): 825-829.Li JT, Huang J, Lin H, et al. Perioperative outcome of robot-assisted pulmonary lobectomy in treating 333 patients with pathological stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer: a single center report. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 24(11): 825-829.
27.	Nakamura H, Kawasaki N, Taguchi M, et al. Survival following lobectomy vs limited resection for stage I lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 2005, 92(6): 1033-1037.
28.	Collins JW, Patel H, Adding C, et al. Enhanced recovery after robot-assisted radical cystectomy: EAU Robotic Urology Section Scientific Working Group consensus view. Eur Urol, 2016, 70(4): 649-660.
29.	Zanagnolo V, Garbi A, Achilarre MT, et al. Robot-assisted surgery in gynecologic cancers. J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 2017, 24(3): 379-396.
30.	Tesfai FM, Nagi J, Morrison I, et al. Objective assessment tools in laparoscopic or robotic-assisted gynecological surgery: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2024, 103(8): 1480-1497.
31.	Negahi A, Khosravi-Mashizi M, Najdsepas H, et al. Precision medicine and artificial intelligence in next-generation cancer surgery: a comprehensive analysis of clinical applications, therapeutic outcomes, and implementation strategies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2025, 26(12): 4299-4312.
32.	Aarts JW, Nieboer TE, Johnson N, et al. Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015, 8: CD003677.
33.	Jayne D, Pigazzi A, Marshall H, et al. Effect of robotic-assisted vs conventional laparoscopic surgery on risk of conversion to open laparotomy among patients undergoing resection for rectal cancer: the ROLARR randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2017, 318(16): 1569-1580.
34.	de'Angelis N, Abdalla S, Bianchi G, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery in elderly patients: a propensity score match analysis. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2018, 28(11): 1334-1345.
35.	Huang YM, Huang YJ, Wei PL. Outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic surgery for mid and low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and the effect of learning curve. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(40): e8171.
36.	Morini A, Zizzo M, Zanelli M, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic colectomy for transverse colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2025, 40(1): 79.
37.	Colombari RC, Pimenta NDS, de Oliveira JM, et al. Short-term outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg, 2025, 187: 109662. Epub.
38.	闞明韻, 柳欣欣, 江志偉. 機器人胃癌根治術的現狀與展望. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2022, 3(4): 337-342.Kan MY, Liu XX, Jiang ZW. Current situation and prospect of robot-assisted gastrectomy. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2022, 3(4): 337-342.
39.	Yu XZ, Lei WY, Zhu LL, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg, 2025, 48(1): 21-31.
40.	李永柏, 耿興隆, 張東興, 等. 達芬奇機器人手術系統在胃腸外科的應用現狀. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(8): 1432-1438.Li YB, Geng XL, Zhang DX, et al. Current status of Da Vinci robotic surgical system in gastrointestinal surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(8): 1432-1438.
41.	van Ramshorst TME, van Bodegraven EA, Zampedri P, et al. Robot-assisted versus laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis including patient subgroups. Surg Endosc, 2023, 37(6): 4131-4143.
42.	Mantzavinou A, Uppara M, Chan J, et al. Robotic versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy, comparing therapeutic indexes; a systematic review. Int J Surg, 2022, 101: 106633. Epub.
43.	de‘Angelis N, Schena CA, Moszkowicz D, et al. Robotic surgery for inguinal and ventral hernia repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc, 2024, 38(1): 24-46.
44.	Huang XK, Gan LL, Liang L, et al. Comparing perioperative outcomes of robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer, 2025, 16(12): 3664-3672.
45.	錢劍鋒, 秦凱, 金佳斌, 等. 機器人手術在肝膽胰外科中的應用與進展. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2023, 4(1): 12-17.Qian JF, Qin K, Jin JB, et al. Application and progress of robotic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2023, 4(1): 12-17.
46.	劉詩逸, 鄭宇彥, 韓逸超, 等. 胸外科機器人輔助手術的發展與挑戰. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(9): 1622-1628.Liu SY, Zheng YY, Han YC, et al. Development and challenges of robot-assisted thoracic surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(9): 1622-1628.
47.	詹洪春, 劉勇. 有"觸感"是未來手術機器人的發展方向. 中國當代醫藥, 2025, 32(5): 1-3.Zhan HC, Liu Y. "Tactile sensation" is the development direction of future surgical robots. Mod Chin Med, 2025, 32(5): 1-3.
48.	余冬蘭, 劉陽萍, 李宏行, 等. 達芬奇Si手術機器人系統的質量控制. 中國醫療設備, 2016, 31(1): 128-131, 115.Yu DL, Liu YP, Li HX, et al. Quality control of the Da Vinci Si robotic surgical system. China Med Devices, 2016, 31(1): 128-131, 115.
49.	林濤, 馬洪海, 黃旭華, 等. 人工智能時代胸外科手術機器人的研發進展及展望. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(3): 514-522.Lin T, Ma HH, Huang XH, et al. Research progress and prospects of thoracic surgical robots in the AI era. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(3): 514-522.
50.	賈驍騰, 李鑫, 孫大強. 國產多孔手術機器人輔助胸腔鏡下肺段切除術: 國內首例報道(附手術視頻). 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(4): 529-532.Jia XT, Li X, Sun DQ. Domestic multi-port surgical robot-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy: the first case reported in China (with surgical video). Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(4): 529-532.
51.	科技日報. 國產手術機器人沖擊“達芬奇”壟斷地位. 機床與液壓, 2021, 49(20): 163.Science and Technology Daily. Domestic surgical robots challenge Da Vinci's monopoly position. Machine Tool & Hydraulics, 2021, 49(20): 163.
52.	林皓, 黃佳, 羅清泉. 機器人輔助縱隔腫瘤切除術47例分析. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2015, 22(10): 914-918.Lin H, Huang J, Luo QQ. Initial experience of robot-assisted surgery for 47 patients with mediastinal tumor. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 22(10): 914-918.
53.	Nakajima T. Robotic bronchoscopy: current status and future perspectives. Kyobu Geka. 2025, 78(10): 860-865.
54.	汪濤, 鄂浩然, 吳峻, 等. 經劍突下機器人輔助全胸腺切除術學習曲線及臨床分析. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(6): 830-834.Wang T, E HR, Wu J, et al. Clinical efficacy and learning curve of robot-assisted thymectomy via subxiphoid approach. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(6): 830-834.
55.	Sheetz KH, Claflin J, Dimick JB. Trends in the adoption of robotic surgery for common surgical procedures. JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(1): e1918911.
56.	Han C, Shan X, Yao L, et al. Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc, 2018, 32(11): 4377-4392.
57.	巴林超, 馬鵬飛, 張勁夫, 等. 達芬奇機器人手術系統在胰十二指腸切除術中的應用觀察. 山東醫藥, 2024, 64(6): 39-43.Ba LC, Ma PF, Zhang JF, et al. Application of Da Vinci robotic surgical system in pancreaticoduodenectomy. Shandong Med J, 2024, 64(6): 39-43.
58.	Moglia A, Ferrari V, Morelli L, et al. A systematic review of virtual reality simulators for robot-assisted surgery. Eur Urol, 2016, 69(6): 1065-1080.
59.	Rahimi AM, Ulu? E, Hardon SF, et al. Training in robotic-assisted surgery: a systematic review of training modalities and objective and subjective assessment methods. Surg Endosc, 2024, 38(7): 3547-3555.
60.	Rivero-Moreno Y, Echevarria S, Vidal-Valderrama C, et al. Robotic surgery: a comprehensive review of the literature and current trends. Cureus, 2023, 15(7): e42370.

1. 李艷君, 譚祥秀. 機器人輔助胸腔鏡手術在胸外科的應用現狀及展望. 中國醫學創新, 2023, 20(15): 170-174.Li YJ, Tan XX. Application and prospects of robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in thoracic surgery. Med Innov China, 2023, 20(15): 170-174.
2. Moglia A, Georgiou K, Georgiou E, et al. A systematic review on artificial intelligence in robot-assisted surgery. Int J Surg, 2021, 95: 106151. Epub.
3. 黃佳, 田禹, 陸佩吉, 等. 國產圖邁?微創腔鏡手術機器人輔助右肺上葉切除兩例. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2022, 29(4): 519-523.Huang J, Tian Y, Lu PJ, et al. Right upper lobe resection assisted by Toumai? endoscopic surgery robot in two patients. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2022, 29(4): 519-523.
4. 郭成旺, 張銘澤, 郭璽, 等. “雙中心”背景下5G遠程機器人外科的發展機遇與挑戰. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(1): 6-11.Guo CW, Zhang MZ, Guo X, et al. Development opportunities and challenges of 5G remote robot-assisted surgery in the context of double-center construction. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(1): 6-11.
5. 成名, 許世廣, 徐惟, 等. 機器人輔助與電視輔助胸腔鏡手術治療非小細胞肺癌近遠期生存差異的回顧性隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2022, 29(9): 1133-1139.Cheng M, Xu SG, Xu W, et al. Short- and long-term survival between robot-assisted thoracic surgery and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2022, 29(9): 1133-1139.
6. Ma J, Xu W, Chen R, et al. Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: the first separate systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(5): 1350-1359.
7. Husen TF, Kohar K, Angelica R, et al. Robotic vs other surgery techniques for mitral valve repair and/or replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hellenic J Cardiol, 2023, 71: 16-25.
8. Wang CJ, Qin J, Liu Y, et al. Perioperative, functional, and oncologic outcomes in obese patients undergoing Da Vinci robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol, 2024, 24(1): 207.
9. Alrajeb R, Zarti M, Shuia Z, et al. Robotic-assisted versus conventional total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2024, 34(3): 1333-1343.
10. Sun XY, Xu L, Lu JY, et al. Robotic versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol, 2019, 28(3): 135-142.
11. 景武堂, 萬浩浩, 苗長豐, 等. 5G遠程機器人手術的應用現狀及展望. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(1): 1-5.Jing WT, Wan HH, Miao CF, et al. Current status and prospects of 5G remote robot-assisted surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(1): 1-5.
12. Ramsay C, Pickard R, Robertson C, et al. Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer. Health Technol Assess, 2012, 16(41): 1-313.
13. Maeso S, Reza M, Mayol JA, et al. Efficacy of the Da Vinci surgical system in abdominal surgery compared with that of laparoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2010, 252(2): 254-262.
14. Hoyuela C, Juvany M, Carvajal F. Single-incision laparoscopy versus standard laparoscopy for colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg, 2017, 214(1): 127-140.
15. Ind T, Laios A, Hacking M, et al. A comparison of operative outcomes between standard and robotic laparoscopic surgery for endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Med Robot, 2017, 13(4): e1851.
16. Pan JH, Zhou H, Zhao XX, et al. Robotic thyroidectomy versus conventional open thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(10): 3985-4001.
17. 羅清泉, 王述民, 李鶴成, 等. 機器人輔助肺癌手術中國臨床專家共識. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2020, 27(10): 1119-1126.Luo QQ, Wang SM, Li HC, et al. Chinese expert consensus on robot-assisted pulmonary resections. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 27(10): 1119-1126.
18. Mmeje CO, Martin AD, Nunez-Nateras R, et al. Cost analysis of open radical cystectomy versus robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Curr Urol Rep, 2013, 14(1): 26-31.
19. Steffens D, Thanigasalam R, Leslie S, et al. Robotic surgery in uro-oncology: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Urology, 2017, 106: 9-17.
20. 成名, 劉德宇, 吳瓊, 等. 機器人與胸腔鏡輔助左肺上葉肺癌根治術治療非小細胞肺癌的回顧性隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(5): 672-677.Cheng M, Liu DY, Wu Q, et al. Perioperative outcomes of robot-assisted versus video-assisted left upper lobectomy in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(5): 672-677.
21. 劉星池, 許世廣, 劉博, 等. 達芬奇機器人與劍突下胸腔鏡前縱隔腫瘤切除術療效比較的回顧性隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(11): 1551-1555.Liu XC, Xu SG, Liu B, et al. Da Vinci robotic versus thoracoscopic surgery via subxiphoid approach for treatment of anterior mediastinal tumor: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(11): 1551-1555.
22. 馬征, 岳韋名, 高存, 等. 基于傾向性評分匹配法的機器人與胸腔鏡輔助胸外科手術治療肺癌的近期效果比較. 中華胸部外科電子雜志, 2020, 7(4): 208-213.Ma Z, Yue WM, Gao C, et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes between robot-assisted thoracic surgery and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery on lung cancer: a study based on propensity score matching. Chin J Thorac Surg (Electron Ed), 2020, 7(4): 208-213.
23. 賈昱欣, 張亞杰, 李鶴成. 機器人手術在胸外科的應用現狀與進展. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2022, 3(5): 367-375.Jia YX, Zhang YJ, Li HC. Applications and advances of robotic surgical system in thoracic surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2022, 3(5): 367-375.
24. 戴富強, 陶紹霖, 吳曉麗, 等. 機器人與電視輔助胸腔鏡非典型肺段切除術治療早期非小細胞肺癌的回顧性隊列研究. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(4): 557-563.Dai FQ, Tao SL, Wu XL, et al. Perioperative outcomes of robotic-assisted versus video-assisted thoracoscopic atypical segmentectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(4): 557-563.
25. 謝博恒, 隋天一, 秦毅, 等. 機器人輔助與電視輔助胸腔鏡肺段切除術治療早期非小細胞肺癌短期效果比較. 中國肺癌雜志, 2019, 22(12): 767-771.Xie BH, Sui TY, Qin Y, et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes of lung segmentectomy by robotic-assisted and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Chin J Lung Cancer, 2019, 22(12): 767-771.
26. 李劍濤, 黃佳, 林皓, 等. 單中心連續333例機器人輔助胸腔鏡肺葉切除術治療Ⅰ期非小細胞肺癌. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2017, 24(11): 825-829.Li JT, Huang J, Lin H, et al. Perioperative outcome of robot-assisted pulmonary lobectomy in treating 333 patients with pathological stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer: a single center report. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 24(11): 825-829.
27. Nakamura H, Kawasaki N, Taguchi M, et al. Survival following lobectomy vs limited resection for stage I lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 2005, 92(6): 1033-1037.
28. Collins JW, Patel H, Adding C, et al. Enhanced recovery after robot-assisted radical cystectomy: EAU Robotic Urology Section Scientific Working Group consensus view. Eur Urol, 2016, 70(4): 649-660.
29. Zanagnolo V, Garbi A, Achilarre MT, et al. Robot-assisted surgery in gynecologic cancers. J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 2017, 24(3): 379-396.
30. Tesfai FM, Nagi J, Morrison I, et al. Objective assessment tools in laparoscopic or robotic-assisted gynecological surgery: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2024, 103(8): 1480-1497.
31. Negahi A, Khosravi-Mashizi M, Najdsepas H, et al. Precision medicine and artificial intelligence in next-generation cancer surgery: a comprehensive analysis of clinical applications, therapeutic outcomes, and implementation strategies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2025, 26(12): 4299-4312.
32. Aarts JW, Nieboer TE, Johnson N, et al. Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015, 8: CD003677.
33. Jayne D, Pigazzi A, Marshall H, et al. Effect of robotic-assisted vs conventional laparoscopic surgery on risk of conversion to open laparotomy among patients undergoing resection for rectal cancer: the ROLARR randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2017, 318(16): 1569-1580.
34. de'Angelis N, Abdalla S, Bianchi G, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery in elderly patients: a propensity score match analysis. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2018, 28(11): 1334-1345.
35. Huang YM, Huang YJ, Wei PL. Outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic surgery for mid and low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and the effect of learning curve. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(40): e8171.
36. Morini A, Zizzo M, Zanelli M, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic colectomy for transverse colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2025, 40(1): 79.
37. Colombari RC, Pimenta NDS, de Oliveira JM, et al. Short-term outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg, 2025, 187: 109662. Epub.
38. 闞明韻, 柳欣欣, 江志偉. 機器人胃癌根治術的現狀與展望. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2022, 3(4): 337-342.Kan MY, Liu XX, Jiang ZW. Current situation and prospect of robot-assisted gastrectomy. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2022, 3(4): 337-342.
39. Yu XZ, Lei WY, Zhu LL, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg, 2025, 48(1): 21-31.
40. 李永柏, 耿興隆, 張東興, 等. 達芬奇機器人手術系統在胃腸外科的應用現狀. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(8): 1432-1438.Li YB, Geng XL, Zhang DX, et al. Current status of Da Vinci robotic surgical system in gastrointestinal surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(8): 1432-1438.
41. van Ramshorst TME, van Bodegraven EA, Zampedri P, et al. Robot-assisted versus laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis including patient subgroups. Surg Endosc, 2023, 37(6): 4131-4143.
42. Mantzavinou A, Uppara M, Chan J, et al. Robotic versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy, comparing therapeutic indexes; a systematic review. Int J Surg, 2022, 101: 106633. Epub.
43. de‘Angelis N, Schena CA, Moszkowicz D, et al. Robotic surgery for inguinal and ventral hernia repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc, 2024, 38(1): 24-46.
44. Huang XK, Gan LL, Liang L, et al. Comparing perioperative outcomes of robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer, 2025, 16(12): 3664-3672.
45. 錢劍鋒, 秦凱, 金佳斌, 等. 機器人手術在肝膽胰外科中的應用與進展. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2023, 4(1): 12-17.Qian JF, Qin K, Jin JB, et al. Application and progress of robotic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2023, 4(1): 12-17.
46. 劉詩逸, 鄭宇彥, 韓逸超, 等. 胸外科機器人輔助手術的發展與挑戰. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(9): 1622-1628.Liu SY, Zheng YY, Han YC, et al. Development and challenges of robot-assisted thoracic surgery. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(9): 1622-1628.
47. 詹洪春, 劉勇. 有"觸感"是未來手術機器人的發展方向. 中國當代醫藥, 2025, 32(5): 1-3.Zhan HC, Liu Y. "Tactile sensation" is the development direction of future surgical robots. Mod Chin Med, 2025, 32(5): 1-3.
48. 余冬蘭, 劉陽萍, 李宏行, 等. 達芬奇Si手術機器人系統的質量控制. 中國醫療設備, 2016, 31(1): 128-131, 115.Yu DL, Liu YP, Li HX, et al. Quality control of the Da Vinci Si robotic surgical system. China Med Devices, 2016, 31(1): 128-131, 115.
49. 林濤, 馬洪海, 黃旭華, 等. 人工智能時代胸外科手術機器人的研發進展及展望. 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(3): 514-522.Lin T, Ma HH, Huang XH, et al. Research progress and prospects of thoracic surgical robots in the AI era. Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(3): 514-522.
50. 賈驍騰, 李鑫, 孫大強. 國產多孔手術機器人輔助胸腔鏡下肺段切除術: 國內首例報道(附手術視頻). 機器人外科學雜志(中英文), 2025, 6(4): 529-532.Jia XT, Li X, Sun DQ. Domestic multi-port surgical robot-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy: the first case reported in China (with surgical video). Chin J Robotic Surg, 2025, 6(4): 529-532.
51. 科技日報. 國產手術機器人沖擊“達芬奇”壟斷地位. 機床與液壓, 2021, 49(20): 163.Science and Technology Daily. Domestic surgical robots challenge Da Vinci's monopoly position. Machine Tool & Hydraulics, 2021, 49(20): 163.
52. 林皓, 黃佳, 羅清泉. 機器人輔助縱隔腫瘤切除術47例分析. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2015, 22(10): 914-918.Lin H, Huang J, Luo QQ. Initial experience of robot-assisted surgery for 47 patients with mediastinal tumor. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 22(10): 914-918.
53. Nakajima T. Robotic bronchoscopy: current status and future perspectives. Kyobu Geka. 2025, 78(10): 860-865.
54. 汪濤, 鄂浩然, 吳峻, 等. 經劍突下機器人輔助全胸腺切除術學習曲線及臨床分析. 中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2023, 30(6): 830-834.Wang T, E HR, Wu J, et al. Clinical efficacy and learning curve of robot-assisted thymectomy via subxiphoid approach. Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 30(6): 830-834.
55. Sheetz KH, Claflin J, Dimick JB. Trends in the adoption of robotic surgery for common surgical procedures. JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(1): e1918911.
56. Han C, Shan X, Yao L, et al. Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc, 2018, 32(11): 4377-4392.
57. 巴林超, 馬鵬飛, 張勁夫, 等. 達芬奇機器人手術系統在胰十二指腸切除術中的應用觀察. 山東醫藥, 2024, 64(6): 39-43.Ba LC, Ma PF, Zhang JF, et al. Application of Da Vinci robotic surgical system in pancreaticoduodenectomy. Shandong Med J, 2024, 64(6): 39-43.
58. Moglia A, Ferrari V, Morelli L, et al. A systematic review of virtual reality simulators for robot-assisted surgery. Eur Urol, 2016, 69(6): 1065-1080.
59. Rahimi AM, Ulu? E, Hardon SF, et al. Training in robotic-assisted surgery: a systematic review of training modalities and objective and subjective assessment methods. Surg Endosc, 2024, 38(7): 3547-3555.
60. Rivero-Moreno Y, Echevarria S, Vidal-Valderrama C, et al. Robotic surgery: a comprehensive review of the literature and current trends. Cureus, 2023, 15(7): e42370.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Latest ArticlesCurrent status and future prospects of global robotic surgery: evolution of from thoracic surgery to multidisciplinary integration

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Format

Content