Analysis of common respiratory pathogen immunoglobulin M antibody detection results in a hospital in Ningxia_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

HE Ruifen , HUANG Jinjuan , MA Wen , ZHANG Jianwen ,  WU Tao

Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Third Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WU Tao, Email: wutao@nxmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Respiratory tract infections; respiratory pathogens; immunoglobulin M antibodies; infection distribution characteristics

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202606296

Video：

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Objective To analyze the detection results of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against eight respiratory pathogens, and to investigate the pathogen distribution characteristics in patients with acute respiratory infection-related symptoms in the local region, thereby providing reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as surveillance of key populations. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the IgM test data for respiratory pathogens from patients admitted to People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region between January and December 2024. Patients of different genders, age groups, and months were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 9473 patients were included. Among them, there were 5006 males (52.84%) and 4467 females (47.16%). The overall detection rate of respiratory pathogens was 45.38% (4 299/9 473). Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) IgM showed the highest positivity rate (26.89%), followed by influenza A virus (Flu A) (10.01%) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (6.15%). The IgM positivity rates for MP and Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) were significantly higher in female patients than in males (P<0.05). Significant differences in IgM detection rates were observed across different age groups for Flu A, influenza B virus, adenovirus, coxsackievirus B, RSV, MP, and CP (P<0.05). The MP detection rate decreased with increasing age, while Flu A infection primarily affected individuals aged 45 years and older. In terms of temporal distribution, higher positivity rates for respiratory pathogens were mainly observed from April to December. The MP IgM positivity rate remained consistently higher than that of other pathogens from March to November, whereas Flu A IgM positivity rates peaked in January and December. Conclusions The predominant respiratory pathogens are MP, Flu A, and RSV, a profile consistent with the overall national trend. The distribution of some pathogens varies by gender, age and time.

Citation： HE Ruifen, HUANG Jinjuan, MA Wen, ZHANG Jianwen, WU Tao. Analysis of common respiratory pathogen immunoglobulin M antibody detection results in a hospital in Ningxia. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(8): 1271-1276. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202606296 Copy

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2.	Chen D, Wu P, Liu D, et al. Clinical role of M. pneumoniae typing antibody detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2022, 112: 109196.
3.	吳靚菲, 沈麗娟, 丁凌君, 等. 上海金山地區常見呼吸道病原體 IgM 抗體檢測結果分析[J]. 標記免疫分析與臨床, 2025, 32(9): 1824-1828.
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18.	Moriyama M, Hugentobler WJ, Iwasaki A. Seasonality of respiratory viral infections[J]. Annu Rev Virol, 2020, 7(1): 83-101.
19.	Branch-Elliman W, Fisher L, Doron S. The next ‘pandemic playbook’ needs to prioritize the needs of children-and a clear roadmap for opening schools[J]. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol, 2023, 3(1): e82.
20.	Yang Y, Yi X, Liu C, et al. Targeting the STAT3/ACLY axis attenuates pulmonary inflammation but delays Mycoplasma pneumoniae clearance via citrate metabolism[J]. Med Microbiol Immunol, 2025, 214(1): 26.
21.	Xue Y, Wang M, Han H. Interaction between alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells during Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2023, 13: 1052020.
22.	范佳鑫, 夏汝杰, 周曉梅, 等. 2024-2025 年成都某醫院急性呼吸道感染主要病原體的流行病學特征[J]. 臨床薈萃, 2025, 40(7): 602-607.

1. Tang Z, Fan HH, Tian YL, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of six common respiratory pathogen infections in children[J/OL]. Microbiol Spectr, 2025, 13(7): e0007925. DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00079-25.
2. Chen D, Wu P, Liu D, et al. Clinical role of M. pneumoniae typing antibody detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2022, 112: 109196.
3. 吳靚菲, 沈麗娟, 丁凌君, 等. 上海金山地區常見呼吸道病原體 IgM 抗體檢測結果分析[J]. 標記免疫分析與臨床, 2025, 32(9): 1824-1828.
4. 曹艷, 陳雨, 伊潔, 等. 北京地區 2023—2024 年秋冬季急性呼吸道感染疾病的病原體流行情況分析: 以北京協和醫院 5556 例患者為例[J]. 協和醫學雜志, 2025, 16(3): 680-686.
5. 孟磊俊, 王潔, 蔡沁, 等. 新型冠狀病毒流行前后上海單中心住院兒童常見呼吸道病毒及非典型病原體感染變化[J]. 中華微生物學和免疫學雜志, 2023, 43(3): 222-229.
6. Baumgarth N, Herman OC, Jager GC, et al. B-1 and B-2 cell-derived immunoglobulin M antibodies are nonredundant components of the protective response to influenza virus infection[J]. J Exp Med, 2000, 192(2): 271-80.
7. 尋治銘, 賈俊梅, 張煒, 等. 4530 例 8 種呼吸道感染病原體 IgM 抗體檢測結果分析[J]. 標記免疫分析與臨床, 2022, 29(7): 1154-1157, 1178.
8. 劉沖, 張靜, 李勝, 等. 15784 例未成年人呼吸道感染患者病原體 IgM 抗體檢測及流行病學分析[J]. 檢驗醫學與臨床, 2023, 20(24): 3632-3637.
9. 顧秀麗, 姚瑤, 田曉怡, 等. 2020 年北京地區兒童常見呼吸道病原體流行情況分析[J]. 中華微生物學和免疫學雜志, 2022, 42(2): 141-147.
10. 路其鳳, 司元全, 褚福祿, 等. 2020—2024 年山東省某醫院肺炎支原體感染流行病學特征及耐藥性分析[J]. 微生物學免疫學進展, 2025, 53(5): 69-74.
11. 貴志芳, 張臘紅, 蘇曉茹, 等. 2019 年-2021 年杭州市拱墅區 6472 例常見呼吸道病原體 IgM 抗體檢測結果分析[J]. 中國衛生檢驗雜志, 2023, 33(12): 1441-1444.
12. Li T, Long J, Li Z, et al. Epidemiology of human respiratory tract infection in Chongqing, China after COVID-19-based on surveillance data encompassing 17 respiratory pathogens[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2025, 15: 1567341.
13. 汪海霞, 張學東, 張舒林, 等. 2011-2023 年南陽市臨床檢測呼吸道病原體流行趨勢及新冠疫情防控的影響[J]. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2024, 34(11): 1672-1678.
14. Duan Y, Wu Y, Gou Y, et al. Epidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in children with acute respiratory tract infections, Chengdu, 2022-2023[J]. Front Public Health. 2026, 14: 1729558.
15. Smits HH, Jochems SP. Diverging patterns in innate immunity against respiratory viruses during a lifetime: lessons from the young and the old[J]. Eur Respir Rev, 2024, 33(172): 230266.
16. Wong WH, Peare S, Lam HY, et al. The estimated age-group specific influenza vaccine coverage rates in Hong Kong and the impact of the school outreach vaccination program[J]. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2022, 18(1): 1-5.
17. Xu L, Lu R, Wang C, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of different intervention measures for an outbreak of mycoplasma pneumoniae in hangzhou based on a dynamic model[J]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 1136.
18. Moriyama M, Hugentobler WJ, Iwasaki A. Seasonality of respiratory viral infections[J]. Annu Rev Virol, 2020, 7(1): 83-101.
19. Branch-Elliman W, Fisher L, Doron S. The next ‘pandemic playbook’ needs to prioritize the needs of children-and a clear roadmap for opening schools[J]. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol, 2023, 3(1): e82.
20. Yang Y, Yi X, Liu C, et al. Targeting the STAT3/ACLY axis attenuates pulmonary inflammation but delays Mycoplasma pneumoniae clearance via citrate metabolism[J]. Med Microbiol Immunol, 2025, 214(1): 26.
21. Xue Y, Wang M, Han H. Interaction between alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells during Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2023, 13: 1052020.
22. 范佳鑫, 夏汝杰, 周曉梅, 等. 2024-2025 年成都某醫院急性呼吸道感染主要病原體的流行病學特征[J]. 臨床薈萃, 2025, 40(7): 602-607.

West China Medical Journal

Analysis of common respiratory pathogen immunoglobulin M antibody detection results in a hospital in Ningxia

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