Reform of neurosurgery teaching driven by virtual simulation technology_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

ZHU Bingcan ^1,2 , CHEN Hongxu ^1,2 , SONG Jia ^1,2 , ZHANG Jing ^1,2 , ZHOU Jingya ^1,2 , XIAO Ran ^1,2 , WANG Yuelong ^1,2 , LIU Yi ^1,2 , XU Jianguo ^1,2 , ZHOU Liangxue ^1,2 ,  LIU Xiaoyin ^1,2

1. Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

LIU Xiaoyin, Email: liuxiaoyin20201110@outlook.com

Keywords：

Neurosurgery teaching; virtual simulation technology; surgical skills training; medical education; teaching mode reform

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202512188

Video：

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This article provides an overview of the application progress of virtual simulation technologies, including virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, multimodal image fusion, and 3D printing, in neurosurgical skill training, anatomical teaching, and preoperative planning. It analyzes their roles in enhancing teaching repeatability, standardization, and individualization levels. Additionally, this article summarizes the current issues related to technical authenticity, equipment costs, data standardization, and teaching evaluation. Furthermore, it explores the prospects of integrating virtual simulation technology with clinical practice and optimizing teaching models, aiming to provide references for relevant teaching reforms.

Citation： ZHU Bingcan, CHEN Hongxu, SONG Jia, ZHANG Jing, ZHOU Jingya, XIAO Ran, WANG Yuelong, LIU Yi, XU Jianguo, ZHOU Liangxue, LIU Xiaoyin. Reform of neurosurgery teaching driven by virtual simulation technology. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(5): 806-810. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202512188 Copy

1.	Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet, 2015, 386(9993): 569-624.
2.	劉凱, 楊昆, 蒲丹, 等. 外科住院醫師培訓的腹腔鏡模擬虛擬課程建設探索. 四川大學學報(醫學版), 2023, 54(6): 1133-1138.
3.	趙亮, 徐濤, 侯立軍. 神經外科住院醫師規范化培訓存在的問題及教學改進措施. 中國繼續醫學教育, 2023, 15(13): 177-181.
4.	宋萊榮, 李達, 曹曉昱, 等. 顱底腦膜瘤的手術治療策略及預后分析(附 1 546 例報告). 中華神經外科雜志, 2025, 41(9): 870-875.
5.	郭致飛. 神經外科臨床實習教學存在的問題及其對策. 西部素質教育, 2023, 9(18): 161-164.
6.	Venkatraman V, Kelly-Hedrick M, Suarez AD, et al. Assessing neurosurgery training: accreditation council for graduate medical education case minimums versus surgical autonomy. Neurosurgery, 2025, 96(6): 1333-1340.
7.	張媛媛, 劉婧, 文張, 等. 醫學模擬教育現狀與未來發展. 中華醫學教育雜志, 2025, 45(4): 241-246.
8.	王毅, 葛玥, 呂波, 等. VR 技術在神經外科教學中的應用探討. 科技風, 2024(5): 124-126.
9.	葛培聰, 劉暢, 王亮, 等. NeuroTouch 虛擬現實系統在神經外科青年醫師培訓中的應用. 中華醫學教育雜志, 2018, 38(3): 364-367.
10.	劉將, 李明武, 曾明慧, 等. 混合現實技術在神經外科臨床教學中的探索與實踐. 中國臨床神經外科雜志, 2022, 27(9): 784-787.
11.	樊玉良, 趙欣. 關于虛擬現實技術及增強現實技術應用于神經外科教學的思考. 赤子, 2024(16): 258-260.
12.	靳海濤, 干智超, 許多朵, 等. 基于混合現實技術的多模態頭戴式神經外科術中監測系統的可行性研究. 中國現代神經疾病雜志, 2025, 25(3): 240-246.
13.	楊樹旭, 李新偉, 程淼, 等. CBL 聯合多模態影像融合技術在神經內鏡手術教學中的應用探索. 全科醫學臨床與教育, 2024, 22(3): 247-249.
14.	張艷陽, 許軍鵬, 饒維, 等. 基于多模態神經影像的虛擬現實技術在功能神經外科微血管減壓手術教學中的應用. 齊齊哈爾醫學院學報, 2023, 44(23): 2270-2276.
15.	朱旭強, 吳力新. 3D 打印模具在神經外科住院醫師規范化培訓顱底解剖教學中的應用. 中國現代醫生, 2025, 63(17): 63-65.
16.	趙露露, 戴曉慶, 李小敏, 等. 3D 打印結合虛擬現實技術在顱底神經影像學教學中的應用. 組織工程與重建外科雜志, 2024, 20(6): 713-718.
17.	Luglietto D, De Benedictis A, Marasi A, et al. Simulators with haptic feedback in neurosurgery: are we reaching the “aviator” type of training? Narrative review and future perspectives. Life (Basel), 2025, 15(5): 777.
18.	Delorme S, Laroche D, DiRaddo R, et al. NeuroTouch: a physics-based virtual simulator for cranial microneurosurgery training. Neurosurgery, 2012, 71(Suppl 1): 32-42.
19.	劉婧, 柳琪林, 韓一哲, 等. 2024 年全國住院醫師規范化培訓基地臨床技能培訓中心建設情況調查結果分析. 中華醫學教育雜志, 2025, 45(4): 247-251.
20.	中國醫藥生物技術. 國家衛健委印發國家健康醫療大數據標準、安全和服務管理辦法(試行). 中國醫藥生物技術, 2018(5): 431.
21.	Benmansour M, Malti A, Jannin P. Deep neural network architecture for automated soft surgical skills evaluation using objective structured assessment of technical skills criteria. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg, 2023, 18(5): 929-937.
22.	Davids J, Manivannan S, Darzi A, et al. Simulation for skills training in neurosurgery: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of progressive scholarly acceptance. Neurosurg Rev, 2021, 44(4): 1853-1867.
23.	Kazemzadeh K, Akhlaghdoust M, Zali A. Advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, augmented and virtual reality in neurosurgery. Front Surg, 2023, 10: 1241923.
24.	Chumnanvej S, Chumnanvej S, Tripathi S. Assessing the benefits of digital twins in neurosurgery: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev, 2024, 47(1): 52.
25.	Bocanegra-Becerra JE, Acha Sánchez JL, Castilla-Encinas AM, et al. Toward a frontierless collaboration in neurosurgery: a systematic review of remote augmented and virtual reality technologies. World Neurosurg, 2024, 187: 114-121.
26.	亓旭晨, 陸芩. 崗位勝任力為導向的神經外科醫學碩士專業學位研究生教學體系的構建與思考. 中國畢業后醫學教育, 2024, 8(11): 829-833.
27.	Alotaibi FE, AlZhrani GA, Sabbagh AJ, et al. Neurosurgical assessment of metrics including judgment and dexterity using the virtual reality simulator NeuroTouch (NAJD metrics). Surg Innov, 2015, 22(6): 636-642.

1. Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet, 2015, 386(9993): 569-624.
2. 劉凱, 楊昆, 蒲丹, 等. 外科住院醫師培訓的腹腔鏡模擬虛擬課程建設探索. 四川大學學報(醫學版), 2023, 54(6): 1133-1138.
3. 趙亮, 徐濤, 侯立軍. 神經外科住院醫師規范化培訓存在的問題及教學改進措施. 中國繼續醫學教育, 2023, 15(13): 177-181.
4. 宋萊榮, 李達, 曹曉昱, 等. 顱底腦膜瘤的手術治療策略及預后分析(附 1 546 例報告). 中華神經外科雜志, 2025, 41(9): 870-875.
5. 郭致飛. 神經外科臨床實習教學存在的問題及其對策. 西部素質教育, 2023, 9(18): 161-164.
6. Venkatraman V, Kelly-Hedrick M, Suarez AD, et al. Assessing neurosurgery training: accreditation council for graduate medical education case minimums versus surgical autonomy. Neurosurgery, 2025, 96(6): 1333-1340.
7. 張媛媛, 劉婧, 文張, 等. 醫學模擬教育現狀與未來發展. 中華醫學教育雜志, 2025, 45(4): 241-246.
8. 王毅, 葛玥, 呂波, 等. VR 技術在神經外科教學中的應用探討. 科技風, 2024(5): 124-126.
9. 葛培聰, 劉暢, 王亮, 等. NeuroTouch 虛擬現實系統在神經外科青年醫師培訓中的應用. 中華醫學教育雜志, 2018, 38(3): 364-367.
10. 劉將, 李明武, 曾明慧, 等. 混合現實技術在神經外科臨床教學中的探索與實踐. 中國臨床神經外科雜志, 2022, 27(9): 784-787.
11. 樊玉良, 趙欣. 關于虛擬現實技術及增強現實技術應用于神經外科教學的思考. 赤子, 2024(16): 258-260.
12. 靳海濤, 干智超, 許多朵, 等. 基于混合現實技術的多模態頭戴式神經外科術中監測系統的可行性研究. 中國現代神經疾病雜志, 2025, 25(3): 240-246.
13. 楊樹旭, 李新偉, 程淼, 等. CBL 聯合多模態影像融合技術在神經內鏡手術教學中的應用探索. 全科醫學臨床與教育, 2024, 22(3): 247-249.
14. 張艷陽, 許軍鵬, 饒維, 等. 基于多模態神經影像的虛擬現實技術在功能神經外科微血管減壓手術教學中的應用. 齊齊哈爾醫學院學報, 2023, 44(23): 2270-2276.
15. 朱旭強, 吳力新. 3D 打印模具在神經外科住院醫師規范化培訓顱底解剖教學中的應用. 中國現代醫生, 2025, 63(17): 63-65.
16. 趙露露, 戴曉慶, 李小敏, 等. 3D 打印結合虛擬現實技術在顱底神經影像學教學中的應用. 組織工程與重建外科雜志, 2024, 20(6): 713-718.
17. Luglietto D, De Benedictis A, Marasi A, et al. Simulators with haptic feedback in neurosurgery: are we reaching the “aviator” type of training? Narrative review and future perspectives. Life (Basel), 2025, 15(5): 777.
18. Delorme S, Laroche D, DiRaddo R, et al. NeuroTouch: a physics-based virtual simulator for cranial microneurosurgery training. Neurosurgery, 2012, 71(Suppl 1): 32-42.
19. 劉婧, 柳琪林, 韓一哲, 等. 2024 年全國住院醫師規范化培訓基地臨床技能培訓中心建設情況調查結果分析. 中華醫學教育雜志, 2025, 45(4): 247-251.
20. 中國醫藥生物技術. 國家衛健委印發國家健康醫療大數據標準、安全和服務管理辦法(試行). 中國醫藥生物技術, 2018(5): 431.
21. Benmansour M, Malti A, Jannin P. Deep neural network architecture for automated soft surgical skills evaluation using objective structured assessment of technical skills criteria. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg, 2023, 18(5): 929-937.
22. Davids J, Manivannan S, Darzi A, et al. Simulation for skills training in neurosurgery: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of progressive scholarly acceptance. Neurosurg Rev, 2021, 44(4): 1853-1867.
23. Kazemzadeh K, Akhlaghdoust M, Zali A. Advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, augmented and virtual reality in neurosurgery. Front Surg, 2023, 10: 1241923.
24. Chumnanvej S, Chumnanvej S, Tripathi S. Assessing the benefits of digital twins in neurosurgery: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev, 2024, 47(1): 52.
25. Bocanegra-Becerra JE, Acha Sánchez JL, Castilla-Encinas AM, et al. Toward a frontierless collaboration in neurosurgery: a systematic review of remote augmented and virtual reality technologies. World Neurosurg, 2024, 187: 114-121.
26. 亓旭晨, 陸芩. 崗位勝任力為導向的神經外科醫學碩士專業學位研究生教學體系的構建與思考. 中國畢業后醫學教育, 2024, 8(11): 829-833.
27. Alotaibi FE, AlZhrani GA, Sabbagh AJ, et al. Neurosurgical assessment of metrics including judgment and dexterity using the virtual reality simulator NeuroTouch (NAJD metrics). Surg Innov, 2015, 22(6): 636-642.

West China Medical Journal

Reform of neurosurgery teaching driven by virtual simulation technology

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