Research progress on platelet activation and venous thromboembolism_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

JIANG Yun ,  WEI Wei

Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WEI Wei, Email: ww8075@126.com

Keywords：

Platelet activation; venous thromboembolism; thrombosis mechanism; clinical diagnosis; targeted therapy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202508211

Video：

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Venous thromboembolism is the third most common cardiovascular disease worldwide, including deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities and pulmonary embolism, affecting approximately 5% of the global population. It has a high recurrence rate and mortality rate, and poses a significant burden. The traditional Virchow triangle theory laid the foundation for its pathological research. Platelets, as a key component, undergo a complex and multi-dimensional activation process, not only initiating and amplifying the coagulation cascade reaction, but also constructing a thrombogenic network through interactions with immune cells, endothelial cells, etc. This article elaborates on the core mechanism, driving pathways, specific pathological effects, and clinical value of platelet activation in venous thromboembolism, combined with insights from clinical practice and cutting-edge research, with the aim of providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism.

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2.	劉蕾, 馬壯. 《醫院內靜脈血栓栓塞癥防治質量評價與管理指南(2022 版)》解讀. 西部醫學, 2023, 35(9): 1249-1251.
3.	Sun S, Urbanus RT, Ten Cate H, et al. Platelet activation mechanisms and consequences of immune thrombocytopenia. Cells, 2021, 10(12): 3386.
4.	Bagot CN, Arya R. Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution. Br J Haematol. 2008, 143(2): 180-190.
5.	Kaiser R, Dewender R, Mulkers M, et al. Procoagulant platelet activation promotes venous thrombosis. Blood, 2024, 144(24): 2546-2553.
6.	Chu Y, Guo H, Zhang Y, et al. Procoagulant platelets: generation, characteristics, and therapeutic target. J Clin Lab Anal, 2021, 35(5): e23750.
7.	Warkentin TE. Platelet-activating anti-PF4 disorders: an overview. Semin Hematol, 2022, 59(2): 59-71.
8.	Bekendam RH, Ravid K. Mechanisms of platelet activation in cancer-associated thrombosis: a focus on myeloproliferative neoplasms. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023, 11: 1207395.
9.	Patalakh I, Revka O, Go?aszewska A, et al. Integration of clotting and fibrinolysis: central role of platelets and factor XIIIa. Biosci Rep, 2024, 44(9): BSR20240332.
10.	Cosemans JM, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Mattheij NJ, et al. The effects of arterial flow on platelet activation, thrombus growth, and stabilization. Cardiovasc Res, 2013, 99(2): 342-352.
11.	Gao X, Zhang T, Huang X, et al. Impact of rise and fall phases of shear on platelet activation and aggregation using microfluidics. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2024, 57(4): 576-586.
12.	Chen J, López JA. Interactions of platelets with subendothelium and endothelium. Microcirculation, 2005, 12(3): 235-246.
13.	Tarantino E, Amadio P, Squellerio I, et al. Role of thromboxane-dependent platelet activation in venous thrombosis: Aspirin effects in mouse model. Pharmacol Res, 2016, 107: 415-425.
14.	Heestermans M, Salloum-Asfar S, Streef T, et al. Mouse venous thrombosis upon silencing of anticoagulants depends on tissue factor and platelets, not FXII or neutrophils. Blood, 2019, 133(19): 2090-2099.
15.	Martinod K, Wagner DD. Thrombosis: tangled up in NETs. Blood, 2014, 123(18): 2768-2776.
16.	Subramaniam S, Jurk K, Hobohm L, et al. Distinct contributions of complement factors to platelet activation and fibrin formation in venous thrombus development. Blood, 2017, 129(16): 2291-2302.
17.	Wiedmer T, Sims PJ. Participation of protein kinases in complement C5b-9-induced shedding of platelet plasma membrane vesicles. Blood, 1991, 78(11): 2880-2886.
18.	倪舒嬋, 孫杰. 半乳糖凝集素-3 與肺栓塞相關性的研究進展. 臨床肺科雜志, 2025, 30(5): 799-801, 805.
19.	Chen Y, Fu W, Zheng Y. Galectin 3 enhances platelet aggregation and thrombosis via dectin-1 activation: a translational study. Eur Heart J, 2022, 43(37): 3556-3574.
20.	Wang X, Liu B, Xu M, et al. Blocking podoplanin inhibits platelet activation and decreases cancer-associated venous thrombosis. Thromb Res, 2021, 200: 72-80.
21.	Suzuki-Inoue K. Platelets and cancer-associated thrombosis: focusing on the platelet activation receptor CLEC-2 and podoplanin. Blood, 2019, 134(22): 1912-1918.
22.	Saller F, Burnier L, Schapira M. Role of the growth arrest-specific gene 6 (gas6) product in thrombus stabilization. Blood Cells Mol Dis, 2006, 36(3): 373-378.
23.	Yang J, Zhou X, Fan X, et al. mTORC1 promotes aging-related venous thrombosis in mice via elevation of platelet volume and activation. Blood, 2016, 128(5): 615-624.
24.	Akrivou D, Perlepe G, Kirgou P, et al. Pathophysiological aspects of aging in venous thromboembolism: an update. Medicina (Kaunas), 2022, 58(8): 1078.
25.	Wang Q, Zennadi R. Oxidative stress and thrombosis during aging: the roles of oxidative stress in RBCs in venous thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(12): 4259.
26.	Lood C, Tydén H, Gullstrand B, et al. Platelet activation and anti-phospholipid antibodies collaborate in the activation of the complement system on platelets in systemic lupus erythematosus. PloS One, 2014, 9(6): e99386.
27.	Iba T, Wada H, Levy JH. Platelet activation and thrombosis in COVID-19. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2023, 49(1): 55-61.
28.	Schattner M. Platelet TLR4 at the crossroads of thrombosis and the innate immune response. J Leukoc Biol, 2019, 105(5): 873-880.
29.	Camilli G, Eren E, Williams DL, et al. Impaired phagocytosis directs human monocyte activation in response to fungal derived β-glucan particles. Eur J Immunol, 2018, 48(5): 757-770.
30.	Woth G, T?kés-Füzesi M, Magyarlaki T, et al. Activated platelet-derived microparticle numbers are elevated in patients with severe fungal (Candida albicans) sepsis. Ann Clin Biochem, 2012, 49(Pt 6): 554-560.
31.	Chung T, Connor D, Joseph J, et al. Platelet activation in acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost, 2007, 5(5): 918-924.
32.	張蘊鑫, 劉建龍, 賈偉, 等. P-選擇素、溶酶體顆粒糖蛋白、血小板活化因子和血漿 D-二聚體水平與下肢深靜脈血栓形成的關系. 中國老年學雜志, 2017, 37(5): 1221-1223.
33.	Sevuk U, Bahadir MV, Altindag R, et al. Value of serial platelet indices measurements for the prediction of pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2015, 11: 1243-1249.
34.	賈亞男, 王雅瓊, 郭立新, 等. 阿替普酶聯合利伐沙班治療老年肥胖患者急性下肢深靜脈血栓的臨床研究. 中國臨床藥理學雜志, 2024, 40(20): 2939-2943.
35.	Preston RJS, O’Sullivan JM, O’Donnell JS. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of venous thrombosis. Br J Haematol, 2019, 186(1): 13-23.

1. Jaff MR. Venous thromboembolic disease. Ochsner J, 2002, 4(1): 6-8.
2. 劉蕾, 馬壯. 《醫院內靜脈血栓栓塞癥防治質量評價與管理指南(2022 版)》解讀. 西部醫學, 2023, 35(9): 1249-1251.
3. Sun S, Urbanus RT, Ten Cate H, et al. Platelet activation mechanisms and consequences of immune thrombocytopenia. Cells, 2021, 10(12): 3386.
4. Bagot CN, Arya R. Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution. Br J Haematol. 2008, 143(2): 180-190.
5. Kaiser R, Dewender R, Mulkers M, et al. Procoagulant platelet activation promotes venous thrombosis. Blood, 2024, 144(24): 2546-2553.
6. Chu Y, Guo H, Zhang Y, et al. Procoagulant platelets: generation, characteristics, and therapeutic target. J Clin Lab Anal, 2021, 35(5): e23750.
7. Warkentin TE. Platelet-activating anti-PF4 disorders: an overview. Semin Hematol, 2022, 59(2): 59-71.
8. Bekendam RH, Ravid K. Mechanisms of platelet activation in cancer-associated thrombosis: a focus on myeloproliferative neoplasms. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023, 11: 1207395.
9. Patalakh I, Revka O, Go?aszewska A, et al. Integration of clotting and fibrinolysis: central role of platelets and factor XIIIa. Biosci Rep, 2024, 44(9): BSR20240332.
10. Cosemans JM, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Mattheij NJ, et al. The effects of arterial flow on platelet activation, thrombus growth, and stabilization. Cardiovasc Res, 2013, 99(2): 342-352.
11. Gao X, Zhang T, Huang X, et al. Impact of rise and fall phases of shear on platelet activation and aggregation using microfluidics. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2024, 57(4): 576-586.
12. Chen J, López JA. Interactions of platelets with subendothelium and endothelium. Microcirculation, 2005, 12(3): 235-246.
13. Tarantino E, Amadio P, Squellerio I, et al. Role of thromboxane-dependent platelet activation in venous thrombosis: Aspirin effects in mouse model. Pharmacol Res, 2016, 107: 415-425.
14. Heestermans M, Salloum-Asfar S, Streef T, et al. Mouse venous thrombosis upon silencing of anticoagulants depends on tissue factor and platelets, not FXII or neutrophils. Blood, 2019, 133(19): 2090-2099.
15. Martinod K, Wagner DD. Thrombosis: tangled up in NETs. Blood, 2014, 123(18): 2768-2776.
16. Subramaniam S, Jurk K, Hobohm L, et al. Distinct contributions of complement factors to platelet activation and fibrin formation in venous thrombus development. Blood, 2017, 129(16): 2291-2302.
17. Wiedmer T, Sims PJ. Participation of protein kinases in complement C5b-9-induced shedding of platelet plasma membrane vesicles. Blood, 1991, 78(11): 2880-2886.
18. 倪舒嬋, 孫杰. 半乳糖凝集素-3 與肺栓塞相關性的研究進展. 臨床肺科雜志, 2025, 30(5): 799-801, 805.
19. Chen Y, Fu W, Zheng Y. Galectin 3 enhances platelet aggregation and thrombosis via dectin-1 activation: a translational study. Eur Heart J, 2022, 43(37): 3556-3574.
20. Wang X, Liu B, Xu M, et al. Blocking podoplanin inhibits platelet activation and decreases cancer-associated venous thrombosis. Thromb Res, 2021, 200: 72-80.
21. Suzuki-Inoue K. Platelets and cancer-associated thrombosis: focusing on the platelet activation receptor CLEC-2 and podoplanin. Blood, 2019, 134(22): 1912-1918.
22. Saller F, Burnier L, Schapira M. Role of the growth arrest-specific gene 6 (gas6) product in thrombus stabilization. Blood Cells Mol Dis, 2006, 36(3): 373-378.
23. Yang J, Zhou X, Fan X, et al. mTORC1 promotes aging-related venous thrombosis in mice via elevation of platelet volume and activation. Blood, 2016, 128(5): 615-624.
24. Akrivou D, Perlepe G, Kirgou P, et al. Pathophysiological aspects of aging in venous thromboembolism: an update. Medicina (Kaunas), 2022, 58(8): 1078.
25. Wang Q, Zennadi R. Oxidative stress and thrombosis during aging: the roles of oxidative stress in RBCs in venous thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(12): 4259.
26. Lood C, Tydén H, Gullstrand B, et al. Platelet activation and anti-phospholipid antibodies collaborate in the activation of the complement system on platelets in systemic lupus erythematosus. PloS One, 2014, 9(6): e99386.
27. Iba T, Wada H, Levy JH. Platelet activation and thrombosis in COVID-19. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2023, 49(1): 55-61.
28. Schattner M. Platelet TLR4 at the crossroads of thrombosis and the innate immune response. J Leukoc Biol, 2019, 105(5): 873-880.
29. Camilli G, Eren E, Williams DL, et al. Impaired phagocytosis directs human monocyte activation in response to fungal derived β-glucan particles. Eur J Immunol, 2018, 48(5): 757-770.
30. Woth G, T?kés-Füzesi M, Magyarlaki T, et al. Activated platelet-derived microparticle numbers are elevated in patients with severe fungal (Candida albicans) sepsis. Ann Clin Biochem, 2012, 49(Pt 6): 554-560.
31. Chung T, Connor D, Joseph J, et al. Platelet activation in acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost, 2007, 5(5): 918-924.
32. 張蘊鑫, 劉建龍, 賈偉, 等. P-選擇素、溶酶體顆粒糖蛋白、血小板活化因子和血漿 D-二聚體水平與下肢深靜脈血栓形成的關系. 中國老年學雜志, 2017, 37(5): 1221-1223.
33. Sevuk U, Bahadir MV, Altindag R, et al. Value of serial platelet indices measurements for the prediction of pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2015, 11: 1243-1249.
34. 賈亞男, 王雅瓊, 郭立新, 等. 阿替普酶聯合利伐沙班治療老年肥胖患者急性下肢深靜脈血栓的臨床研究. 中國臨床藥理學雜志, 2024, 40(20): 2939-2943.
35. Preston RJS, O’Sullivan JM, O’Donnell JS. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of venous thrombosis. Br J Haematol, 2019, 186(1): 13-23.

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