Expert consensus on the clinical diagnosis and management of ocular ischemic syndrome in China_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Expert Workgroup of Consensus on the Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Ischemic Syndrome ,  Neuro-Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association , Neuro-Ophthalmology Society of Chinese Research Hospital Association

Corresponding?author：

Expert Workgroup of Consensus on the Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Ischemic Syndrome, Email: weishihui706@hotmail.com; Neuro-Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Email: wusongdi@gmail.com

Keywords：

Ocular ischemic syndrome; Clinical diagnosis and management; Expert consensus

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20260104-00011

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is defined as ocular ischemia and hypoxia secondary to chronic hypoperfusion of the ocular arteries, chiefly caused by internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion. The pathophysiological evolution of OIS manifests as a dynamic continuum, including prodromal, retinopathic, and neovascular phases. However, due to the often insidious and non-specific clinical presentations during the prodromal and retinal ischemic stages, they are frequently overlooked in clinical practice. Consequently, current interventional strategies are predominantly focused on the neovascular stage, particularly on managing its complications such as neovascular glaucoma. Management strategies also remain inconsistent among physicians of different specialties. Consequently, there is a pressing need to formulate and implement a clinical consensus on OIS that aligns with the specific context of medical practice in China. The formulation of this consensus involved a structured literature retrieval and an analysis of multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic experiences worldwide, consolidated with China's clinical practices to produce the initial draft. Following critical appraisal and successive revisions by a core panel of experts, the final version was established. This consensus encompasses all aspects of OIS clinical care, including its epidemiology, anatomical basis, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examinations, diagnosis, staging, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions (comprising ocular, pharmacological, surgical, and physical treatments). It also evaluates associated vascular event risks (including stroke, cerebral small vessel disease, myocardial ischemia, and mortality) and provides recommendations on patient follow-up and systematic management, with the principal objective of improving the integrated diagnostic and therapeutic standards for OIS throughout China. Given variations in patient profiles and differences in healthcare resources across medical institutions, clinicians should adapt the recommendations in this consensus to individual circumstances. In the management of OIS, a patient-centered approach should always be maintained, with individualized treatment plans implemented to maximize visual function improvement and reduce the risk of neovascular glaucoma and vascular events.

Citation： Expert Workgroup of Consensus on the Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Ischemic Syndrome, Neuro-Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Neuro-Ophthalmology Society of Chinese Research Hospital Association. Expert consensus on the clinical diagnosis and management of ocular ischemic syndrome in China. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2026, 42(5): 375-392. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20260104-00011 Copy

1.	Sood G, Siddik AB. Ocular ischemic syndrome[M/OL]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560715/.
2.	黃厚斌. 眼缺血綜合征[J]. 眼科, 2024, 33(4): 249-256. DOI: 10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2024.04.003.Huang HB. Ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Ophthalmol CHN, 2024, 33(4): 249-256. DOI: 10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2024.04.003.
3.	Brown GC, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome. Clinical, fluorescein angiographic and carotid angiographic features[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 1988, 11(4): 239-251. DOI: 10.1007/BF00131023.
4.	中華醫學會眼科學分會神經眼科學組. 光相干斷層掃描及其血管成像技術在視神經疾病中的臨床應用專家共識(2025年)[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2025, 41(5): 329-342. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250107-00008.Neuro-ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on the clinical application of optical coherence tomography and angiography in optic nerve diseases (2025)[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2025, 41(5): 329-342. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250107-00008.
5.	Naylor R, Rantner B, Ancetti S, et al. Editor's Choice-European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 clinical practice guidelines on the management of atherosclerotic carotid and vertebral artery disease[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2023, 65(1): 7-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.04.011.
6.	Musialek P, Grunwald IQ, Siddiqui AH. ESC consensus statement on stroke risk management in carotid atherosclerotic disease: 10 key points[J]. Eur Heart J, 2025, 46(41): 4150-4153. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf614.
7.	中華醫學會老年醫學分會心血管病學組, 《中華老年醫學雜志》編輯委員會, 中國生物醫學工程學會體外反搏分會老年學組. 老年人體外反搏臨床應用中國專家共識(2019)[J]. 中華老年醫學雜志, 2019, 38(9): 953-961. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2019.09.001.Cardiovascular Group, Geriatrics Branch, Chinese Medical Association, Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Geriatrics, Gerontology Group, External Counterpulsating Branch, Chinese Society of Biomedical Engineering. Expert consensus on the clinical application of enhanced external counterpulsation in elderly people[J]. Chin J Geriatr, 2019, 38(9): 953-961. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2019.09.001.
8.	國家“百萬減殘工程”規范指導臨床辦公室, 中國老年醫學學會腦血管病分會. 遠隔缺血適應防治缺血性腦血管病中國專家共識[J]. 中華醫學雜志, 2021, 101(25): 1953-1967. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210122-00213.National Project for Stroke Prevention and Control Standard Office, Cerebrovascular Disease Branch of Chinese Geriatrics Society. Chinese expert consensus on remote ischemic conditioning for preventing and treating ischemic cerebrovascular disease[J]. Natl Med J China, 2021, 101(25): 1953-1967. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210122-00213.
9.	中華醫學會神經病學分會, 中華醫學會神經病學分會腦血管病學組. 中國缺血性卒中和短暫性腦缺血發作二級預防指南2022[J]. 中華神經科雜志, 2022, 55(10): 1071-1110. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20220714-00548.Chinese Society of Neurology, Chinese Stroke Society. Chinese guideline for the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack 2022[J]. Chin J Neurol, 2022, 55(10): 1071-1110. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20220714-00548.
10.	魏世輝, 宋宏魯, 童繹. 我國神經眼科專業發展歷程和展望[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2020, 56(12): 891-894. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200602-00369.Wei SH, Song HL, Tong Y. The development history and prospect of neuro-ophthalmology in China[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56(12): 891-894. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200602-00369.
11.	楊柳, 瞿遠珍. 我國神經眼科專科醫師培養及學科發展現狀淺述[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2019, 14(6): 630-632. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2019.06.021.Yang L, Qu YZ. Neuro-ophthalmologists training and discipline development status[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2019, 14(6): 630-632. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2019.06.021.
12.	吳松笛. 關注血管神經眼科疾病——概念、診療方法及策略[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2024, 19(3): 245-254. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.03.001.Wu SD. Focus on vascular neuro-ophthalmic diseases: concepts, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2024, 19(3): 245-254. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.03.001.
13.	Mendrinos E, Machinis TG, Pournaras CJ. Ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2010, 55(1): 2-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.02.024.
14.	Klijn CJ, Kappelle LJ, van Schooneveld MJ, et al. Venous stasis retinopathy in symptomatic carotid artery occlusion: prevalence, cause, and outcome[J]. Stroke, 2002, 33(3): 695-701. DOI: 10.1161/hs0302.104619.
15.	Hou Y, Tang S, Meng Z, et al. Incidence of ocular ischemic syndrome in patients with asymptomatic severe internal carotid artery stenosis[J/OL]. Int Ophthalmol, 2025, 45(1): 161[2025-05-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40319146/. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-025-03537-y.
16.	Kearns TP, Siekert RG, Sundt TM. The ocular aspects of carotid artery bypass surgery[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1978, 76: 247-265. DOI: 10.1016/s0025-6196(25)18991-x.
17.	Peter J, David S, Danda D, et al. Ocular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis: a cross-sectional study[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(6): 1170-1178. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181fe540b.
18.	Senthil S, Dada T, Das T, et al. Neovascular glaucoma-a review[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2021, 69(3): 525-534. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1591_20.
19.	Cheng XR, Meng ZY, Zhao L, et al. Carotid revascularization and circle of Willis in ocular ischemic syndrome: association with neovascular glaucoma and visual prognosis[J]. J Neurointerv Surg, 2019: E1(2025-02-08)[2026-01-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39922699/. DOI: 10.1136/jnis-2024-022959. [published online ahead of print].
20.	Berghout BP, Soyupak RF, Ikram MK, et al. Variations in intracranial arterial anatomy of the circle of Willis and their association with arteriosclerosis in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease[J]. Int J Stroke, 2025, 20(7): 843-851. DOI: 10.1177/17474930251322678.
21.	Bonasia S, Bojanowski M, Robert T. Embryology and anatomical variations of the ophthalmic artery[J]. Neuroradiology, 2020, 62(2): 139-152. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02336-4.
22.	逯青麗, 吳松笛. 視覺傳導通路血液供應解剖概述[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2024, 19(11): 1306-1312. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.008.Lu QL, Wu SD. Anatomical overview of blood supply in visual pathway[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2024, 19(11): 1306-1312. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.008.
23.	Terelak-Borys B, Skonieczna K, Grabska-Liberek I. Ocular ischemic syndrome - a systematic review[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2012, 18(8): 138-144. DOI: 10.12659/msm.883260.
24.	Luo RJ, Liu SR, Li XM, et al. Fifty-eight cases of ocular ischemic diseases caused by carotid artery stenosis[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2010, 123(19): 2662-2665. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.979.
25.	Hong IH, Ahn JK, Chang S, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of total homocysteine and C-reactive protein for ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Eye (Lond), 2011, 25(12): 1650-1654. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.232.
26.	Vilares-Morgado R, Nunes HMM, Dos Reis RS, et al. Management of ocular arterial ischemic diseases: a review[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2023, 261(1): 1-22. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05747-x.
27.	Larrazabal RB, Chiu HHC, Magbitang-Santiago AT. Takayasu arteritis presenting as bilateral ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Vasc Specialist Int, 2020, 36(3): 163-169. DOI: 10.5758/vsi.200031.
28.	Papavasileiou E, Sobrin L, Papaliodis GN. Ocular ischemic syndrome presenting as retinal vasculitis in a patient with moyamoya syndrome[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2015, 9(2): 170-172. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000129.
29.	Sakai H, Kawata K, Masuoka J, et al. Diagnosis and clinical course of ocular ischemic syndrome with retinal vascular abnormalities due to unilateral ocular artery and internal carotid artery stenosis in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20: 426[2020-10-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33097012/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01670-z.
30.	Shortt AJ, Fulcher T, Conroy D. Ocular ischaemic syndrome in thyroid eye disease, confirmed using magnetic resonance angiography[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2003, 87(10): 1302-1303. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.10.1302.
31.	Rohowetz LJ, Staropoli P, da Cruz NFS, et al. Ocular ischemic syndrome secondary to cerebral aneurysms[J/OL]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2024, 36: 102214[2024-10-31]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39553911/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2024.102214.
32.	Luo J, Yan Z, Jia Y, et al. Clinical analysis of 42 cases of ocular ischemic syndrome[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2018, 2018: 2606147[2018-03-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29713523/. DOI: 10.1155/2018/2606147.
33.	Sivalingam A, Brown GC, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome. III. Visual prognosis and the effect of treatment[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 1991, 15(1): 15-20. DOI: 10.1007/BF00150974.
34.	Mizener JB, Podhajsky P, Hayreh SS. Ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Ophthalmology, 1997, 104(5): 859-864. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30221-8.
35.	Mills RP. Anterior segment ischemia secondary to carotid occlusive disease[J]. J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 1989, 9(3): 200-204.
36.	Brown GC, Brown MM, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome and neovascularization[J]. Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol, 1986, 38(1): 302-306.
37.	Rapillo CM, Donati MC, Renieri L, et al. Orbital infarction syndrome as a rare complication after mechanical thrombectomy in ischemic stroke[J/OL]. J Neuroophthalmol, 2024, 44(1): e111-e112[2024-03-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35830710/. DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001659.
38.	Kang HM, Choi JH, Koh HJ, et al. Significant changes of the choroid in patients with ocular ischemic syndrome and symptomatic carotid artery stenosis[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(10): e0224210[2019-10-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31639146/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224210.
39.	Monferrer-Adsuara C, Remolí-Sargues L, Navarro-Palop C, et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography early findings in patients with carotid artery disease[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2025, 35(1): 324-334. DOI: 10.1177/11206721241265388.
40.	Dagdelen K, Muz OE. Investigation of macular and optic nerve head structural changes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in internal carotid artery stenosis[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2021, 41(3): 875-882. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01642-8.
41.	Pierro L, Arrigo A, De Crescenzo M, et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography detects retinal perfusion changes in carotid artery stenosis[J/OL]. Front Neurosci, 2021, 15: 640666[2021-04-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33967678/. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640666.
42.	Lee CW, Cheng HC, Chang FC, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography evaluation of retinal microvasculature before and after carotid angioplasty and stenting[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 14755[2019-10-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31611579/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51382-8.
43.	張咪, 藺雪梅, 劉佩, 等. 頸內動脈狹窄與黃斑區光學相干斷層掃描血管成像微血管特征的相關性研究[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2024, 19(11): 1277-1287. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.004.Zhang M, Lin XM, Liu P, et al. Study on the correlation between internal carotid artery stenosis and microvascular characteristics in macular lutea by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2024, 19(11): 1277-1287. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.004.
44.	Lupidi M, Fiore T, Cerquaglia A, et al. Depth-resolved imaging of papillary vitreoretinal neovascularization: OCT-angiography assessment in ocular ischemic syndrome[J/OL]. Retina, 2017, 37: e42-e44[2017-04-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28333756/. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001422.
45.	陳倩, 田國紅. 超聲診斷技術在神經眼科疾病中的應用[J]. 中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志, 2024, 24(5): 373-377. DOI: 10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2024.05.006.Chen Q, Tian GH. Application of ultrasonography in neuro-ophthalmic diseases[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol, 2024, 24(5): 373-377. DOI: 10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2024.05.006.
46.	Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, et al. Clinical findings and hemodynamic changes associated with severe occlusive carotid artery disease[J]. Ophthalmology, 1997, 104(12): 1994-2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30066-9.
47.	Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, et al. Collateral blood supply through the ophthalmic artery: a steal phenomenon analyzed by color Doppler imaging[J]. Ophthalmology, 1998, 105(4): 689-693. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(98)94025-8.
48.	中華醫學會神經病學分會, 中華醫學會神經病學分會腦血管病學組. 中國頭頸部動脈粥樣硬化診治共識[J]. 中華神經科雜志, 2017, 50(8): 572-578. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2017.08.003.Chinese Society of Neurology, Chinese Stroke Society. Chinese consensus on management of head and neck atherosclerosis[J]. Chin J Neurol, 2017, 50(8): 572-578. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2017.08.003.
49.	郭彤, 張惠蓉. 眼缺血綜合征的臨床特點和頸動脈彩色超聲多普勒圖像特征[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2011, 47(3): 228-234. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2011.03.008.Guo T, Zhang HR. Clinical features and carotid artery color Doppler imaging in patients with ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2011, 47(3): 228-234. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2011.03.008.
50.	中國卒中學會科學聲明專家組. 癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性大動脈狹窄管理規范—中國卒中學會科學聲明[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2017, 27(1): 64-71. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2017.01.014.Chinese Stroke Association Scientific Statement Expert Group. Management of symptomatic intracranial and extracranial atherosclerotic large artery stenosis—Chinese Stroke Association scientific statement[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2017, 27(1): 64-71. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2017.01.014.
51.	中國醫師協會神經介入專業委員會. 慢性頸內動脈閉塞評估及治療中國專家共識[J]. 中國腦血管病雜志, 2024, 21(6): 419-432. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5921.2024.06.009.Chinese Federation of Interventional Clinical Neurosciences. Chinese expert consensus on assessment and treatment of chronic internal carotid artery occlusion[J]. Chin J Cerbrovasc Dis, 2024, 21(6): 419-432. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5921.2024.06.009.
52.	Momjian-Mayor I, Baron JC. The pathophysiology of watershed infarction in internal carotid artery disease: review of cerebral perfusion studies[J]. Stroke, 2005, 36(3): 567-577. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000155727.82242.e1.
53.	Lin X, Song J, Gao W, et al. Acute ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. QJM, 2017, 110(12): 831-832. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx160.
54.	Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2021, 73(8): 1349-1365. DOI: 10.1002/art.41774.
55.	Cacoub P, Vieira M, Langford CA, et al. Large-vessel vasculitis[J]. Lancet, 2025, 406(10514): 2017-2032. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01436-9.
56.	Skudalski L, Shahriari N, Torre K, et al. Emerging therapeutics in the management of connective tissue disease. Part I. Lupus erythematosus and Sjogren syndrome[J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2022, 87(1): 1-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.067.
57.	Suhail S, Tallarita T, Kanzafarova I, et al. Ocular ischemic syndrome and the role of carotid artery revascularization[J]. Ann Vasc Surg, 2024, 105: 165-176. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.12.098.
58.	Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Ocular arterial occlusive disorders and carotid artery disease[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2017, 1(1): 12-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.003.
59.	Neroev VV, Kiseleva TN, Vlasov SK, et al. Visual outcomes after carotid reconstructive surgery for ocular ischemia[J]. Eye (Lond), 2012, 26(10): 1281-1287. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.118.
60.	中華醫學會眼科學分會眼底病學組, 中國醫師協會眼科醫師分會眼底病專業委員會. 中國視網膜靜脈阻塞臨床診療路徑專家共識[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.Fundus Diseases Group in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.
61.	中華醫學會眼科學分會眼底病學組, 中國醫師協會眼科醫師分會眼底病學組. 我國糖尿病視網膜病變臨床診療指南(2022年)[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2023, 39(2): 99-124. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230110-00018.Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in China (2022)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2023, 39(2): 99-124. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230110-00018.
62.	中華醫學會眼科學分會青光眼學組. 中國新生血管性青光眼診療專家共識(2019年)[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.Glaucoma Group, Chinese Society of Ophthalmology. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of neovascular glaucoma (2019)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.
63.	王艷玲. 建立多學科綜合診療模式, 提高眼缺血綜合征診治水平[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2013, 29(3): 233-236. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2013.03.001.Wang YL. Establishement of multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment patterns for ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2013, 29(3): 233-236. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2013.03.001.
64.	中國研究型醫院學會, 中國醫師協會神經介入專業委員會, 中國神經科學學會腦血管功能與疾病分會. 顱內動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄診治指南(2025版)[J]. 中華醫學雜志, 2025, 105(29): 2449-2468. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20250401-00785.The Chinese Research Hospital Association, The Neurointerventional Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, The Branch of Cerebrovascular Function & Disease of the Chinese Neuroscience Society. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (2025 edition)[J]. Natl Med J China, 2025, 105(29): 2449-2468. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20250401-00785.
65.	中華醫學會心電生理和起搏分會, 中國醫師協會心律學專業委員會. 中國心房顫動管理指南(2025)[J]. 中華心律失常學雜志, 2025, 29(4): 265-338. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113859-20250716-00102.Chinese Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Chinese Society of Arrhythmias. Chinese guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation (2025)[J]. Chin J Cardiac Arrhyth, 2025, 29(4): 265-338. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113859-20250716-00102.
66.	Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis[J]. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2021, 73(8): 1071-1087. DOI: 10.1002/acr.24632.
67.	中華醫學會神經外科學分會. 煙霧病和煙霧綜合征診斷與治療中國專家共識(2024版)[J]. 中華神經外科雜志, 2024, 40(3): 220-229. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112050-20231119-00177.Chinese Society of Neurosurgery. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of moyamoya disease and moyamoya syndrome (2024 edition)[J]. Chin J Neurosurg, 2024, 40(3): 220-229. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112050-20231119-00177.
68.	Lu Q, Han X, Liu P, et al. Central retinal artery occlusion caused by radiation-induced carotid stenosis[J]. Acta Neurol Belg, 2024, 124(1): 371-373. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02346-3.
69.	Touzé E, Southerland AM, Boulanger M, et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia and its neurologic manifestations: a systematic review[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2019, 76(2): 217-226. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2848.
70.	中華醫學會眼科學分會眼整形眼眶病學組, 中華醫學會內分泌學分會甲狀腺學組. 中國甲狀腺相關眼病診斷和治療指南(2022年)[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2022, 58(9): 646-668. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220421-00201.Oculoplastic and Orbital Disease Group of Chinese Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Thyroid Group of Chinese Society of Endocrinology of Chinese Medical Association. Chinese guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (2022)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2022, 58(9): 646-668. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220421-00201.
71.	Jung YH, Ahn SJ, Hong JH, et al. Incidence and clinical features of neovascularization of the iris following acute central retinal artery occlusion[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2016, 30(5): 352-359. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2016.30.5.352.
72.	中國研究型醫院學會神經眼科專業委員會, 陜西省研究型醫院學會神經眼科專業委員會. 中國視網膜中央動脈阻塞臨床診療專家共識[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2024, 19(11): 1246-1267. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.002.Neuro-Ophthalmology Society of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Neuro-Ophthalmology Society of Shaanxi Research Hospital Association. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment of central retinal artery occlusion in China[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2024, 19(11): 1246-1267. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.002.
73.	Nana P, Spanos K, Antoniou G, et al. The effect of carotid revascularization on the ophthalmic artery flow: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int Angiol, 2021, 40(1): 23-28. DOI: 10.23736/S0392-9590.20.04448-X.
74.	Hung JH, Chang YS. Ocular ischemic syndrome[J/OL]. CMAJ, 2017, 189(23): E804[2017-06-12]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28606978/. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160459.
75.	馮雪艷, 牟明春, 陳海婷, 等. 頸動脈支架成形術治療缺血性眼病的療效觀察[J]. 中國實用眼科雜志, 2015, 33(7): 824-827. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2015.07.029.Feng XY, Mu MC, Chen HT, et al. Curative observation of carotid artery stent angioplasty for the treatment of ischemic ophthalmopathy[J]. Chin J Pract Ophthalmol, 2015, 33(7): 824-827. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2015.07.029.
76.	陳倩, 王巖, 馮超逸, 等. 單側頸內動脈狹窄致雙側眼動脈盜血綜合征1例[J]. 中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志, 2020, 20(6): 486-488. DOI: 10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2020.06.018.Chen Q, Wang Y, Feng CY, et al. A case of bilateral ocular ischemic syndrome caused by unilateral internal carotid artery stenosis[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol, 2020, 20(6): 486-488. DOI: 10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2020.06.018.
77.	Ma Y, Wang T, Wang H, et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass and risk of stroke and death in patients with symptomatic artery occlusion: the CMOSS randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2023, 330(8): 704-714. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.13390.
78.	Kawaguchi S, Sakaki T, Morimoto T, et al. Effects of bypass on ocular ischaemic syndrome caused by reversed flow in the ophthalmic artery[J]. Lancet, 1999, 354(9195): 2052-2053. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03671-5.
79.	Yang Y, Zhang H, Yan Y, et al. Clinical study in patients with ocular ischemic diseases treated with enhanced external counterpulsation combined with drugs[J]. Mol Med Rep, 2013, 7(6): 1845-1849. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1445.
80.	Keevil H, Phillips BE, England TJ. Remote ischemic conditioning for stroke: a critical systematic review[J]. Int J Stroke, 2024, 19(3): 271-279. DOI: 10.1177/17474930231191082.
81.	Avery MB, Magal I, Kherani A, et al. Risk of stroke in patients with ocular arterial occlusive disorders: a retrospective Canadian study[J/OL]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2019, 8(3): e010509[2019-02-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30712440/. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010509.
82.	Lin MP, Demirer M, Middlebrooks EH, et al. Greater burden of white matter lesions and silent infarcts ipsilateral to carotid stenosis[J/OL]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2023, 32(9): 107287[2023-07-31]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37531723/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107287.
83.	Li J, Wu H, Hang H, et al. Carotid vulnerable plaque coexisting with cerebral small vessel disease and acute ischemic stroke: a Chinese atherosclerosis risk evaluation study[J]. Eur Radiol, 2022, 32(9): 6080-6089. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08757-9.
84.	Donners SJA, Willemsen SI, Bennink E, et al. Patients with ocular ischaemic events have greater cerebral white matter hyperintensity volume than asymptomatic patients undergoing carotid revascularisation[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2025, 2025: E1(2025-08-19)[2026-01-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40840793/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2025.08.033. [published online ahead of print].
85.	Steinvil A, Sadeh B, Arbel Y, et al. Prevalence and predictors of concomitant carotid and coronary artery atherosclerotic disease[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 57(7): 779-783. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.047.
86.	Sivalingam A, Brown GC, Magargal LE, et al. The ocular ischemic syndrome. II. mortality and systemic morbidity[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 1989, 13(3): 187-191. DOI: 10.1007/BF02028208.
87.	Liu C, Yang X, Ji M, et al. Sex-specific association between carotid atherosclerosis and fundus arteriosclerosis in a Chinese population: a retrospective cross-sectional study[J/OL]. Eur J Med Res, 2023, 28(1): 518[2023-11-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37968750/. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01508-6.

1. Sood G, Siddik AB. Ocular ischemic syndrome[M/OL]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560715/.
2. 黃厚斌. 眼缺血綜合征[J]. 眼科, 2024, 33(4): 249-256. DOI: 10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2024.04.003.Huang HB. Ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Ophthalmol CHN, 2024, 33(4): 249-256. DOI: 10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2024.04.003.
3. Brown GC, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome. Clinical, fluorescein angiographic and carotid angiographic features[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 1988, 11(4): 239-251. DOI: 10.1007/BF00131023.
4. 中華醫學會眼科學分會神經眼科學組. 光相干斷層掃描及其血管成像技術在視神經疾病中的臨床應用專家共識(2025年)[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2025, 41(5): 329-342. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250107-00008.Neuro-ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on the clinical application of optical coherence tomography and angiography in optic nerve diseases (2025)[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2025, 41(5): 329-342. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250107-00008.
5. Naylor R, Rantner B, Ancetti S, et al. Editor's Choice-European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 clinical practice guidelines on the management of atherosclerotic carotid and vertebral artery disease[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2023, 65(1): 7-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.04.011.
6. Musialek P, Grunwald IQ, Siddiqui AH. ESC consensus statement on stroke risk management in carotid atherosclerotic disease: 10 key points[J]. Eur Heart J, 2025, 46(41): 4150-4153. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf614.
7. 中華醫學會老年醫學分會心血管病學組, 《中華老年醫學雜志》編輯委員會, 中國生物醫學工程學會體外反搏分會老年學組. 老年人體外反搏臨床應用中國專家共識(2019)[J]. 中華老年醫學雜志, 2019, 38(9): 953-961. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2019.09.001.Cardiovascular Group, Geriatrics Branch, Chinese Medical Association, Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Geriatrics, Gerontology Group, External Counterpulsating Branch, Chinese Society of Biomedical Engineering. Expert consensus on the clinical application of enhanced external counterpulsation in elderly people[J]. Chin J Geriatr, 2019, 38(9): 953-961. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2019.09.001.
8. 國家“百萬減殘工程”規范指導臨床辦公室, 中國老年醫學學會腦血管病分會. 遠隔缺血適應防治缺血性腦血管病中國專家共識[J]. 中華醫學雜志, 2021, 101(25): 1953-1967. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210122-00213.National Project for Stroke Prevention and Control Standard Office, Cerebrovascular Disease Branch of Chinese Geriatrics Society. Chinese expert consensus on remote ischemic conditioning for preventing and treating ischemic cerebrovascular disease[J]. Natl Med J China, 2021, 101(25): 1953-1967. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210122-00213.
9. 中華醫學會神經病學分會, 中華醫學會神經病學分會腦血管病學組. 中國缺血性卒中和短暫性腦缺血發作二級預防指南2022[J]. 中華神經科雜志, 2022, 55(10): 1071-1110. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20220714-00548.Chinese Society of Neurology, Chinese Stroke Society. Chinese guideline for the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack 2022[J]. Chin J Neurol, 2022, 55(10): 1071-1110. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20220714-00548.
10. 魏世輝, 宋宏魯, 童繹. 我國神經眼科專業發展歷程和展望[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2020, 56(12): 891-894. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200602-00369.Wei SH, Song HL, Tong Y. The development history and prospect of neuro-ophthalmology in China[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56(12): 891-894. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200602-00369.
11. 楊柳, 瞿遠珍. 我國神經眼科專科醫師培養及學科發展現狀淺述[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2019, 14(6): 630-632. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2019.06.021.Yang L, Qu YZ. Neuro-ophthalmologists training and discipline development status[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2019, 14(6): 630-632. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2019.06.021.
12. 吳松笛. 關注血管神經眼科疾病——概念、診療方法及策略[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2024, 19(3): 245-254. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.03.001.Wu SD. Focus on vascular neuro-ophthalmic diseases: concepts, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2024, 19(3): 245-254. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.03.001.
13. Mendrinos E, Machinis TG, Pournaras CJ. Ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2010, 55(1): 2-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.02.024.
14. Klijn CJ, Kappelle LJ, van Schooneveld MJ, et al. Venous stasis retinopathy in symptomatic carotid artery occlusion: prevalence, cause, and outcome[J]. Stroke, 2002, 33(3): 695-701. DOI: 10.1161/hs0302.104619.
15. Hou Y, Tang S, Meng Z, et al. Incidence of ocular ischemic syndrome in patients with asymptomatic severe internal carotid artery stenosis[J/OL]. Int Ophthalmol, 2025, 45(1): 161[2025-05-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40319146/. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-025-03537-y.
16. Kearns TP, Siekert RG, Sundt TM. The ocular aspects of carotid artery bypass surgery[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1978, 76: 247-265. DOI: 10.1016/s0025-6196(25)18991-x.
17. Peter J, David S, Danda D, et al. Ocular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis: a cross-sectional study[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(6): 1170-1178. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181fe540b.
18. Senthil S, Dada T, Das T, et al. Neovascular glaucoma-a review[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2021, 69(3): 525-534. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1591_20.
19. Cheng XR, Meng ZY, Zhao L, et al. Carotid revascularization and circle of Willis in ocular ischemic syndrome: association with neovascular glaucoma and visual prognosis[J]. J Neurointerv Surg, 2019: E1(2025-02-08)[2026-01-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39922699/. DOI: 10.1136/jnis-2024-022959. [published online ahead of print].
20. Berghout BP, Soyupak RF, Ikram MK, et al. Variations in intracranial arterial anatomy of the circle of Willis and their association with arteriosclerosis in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease[J]. Int J Stroke, 2025, 20(7): 843-851. DOI: 10.1177/17474930251322678.
21. Bonasia S, Bojanowski M, Robert T. Embryology and anatomical variations of the ophthalmic artery[J]. Neuroradiology, 2020, 62(2): 139-152. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02336-4.
22. 逯青麗, 吳松笛. 視覺傳導通路血液供應解剖概述[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2024, 19(11): 1306-1312. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.008.Lu QL, Wu SD. Anatomical overview of blood supply in visual pathway[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2024, 19(11): 1306-1312. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.008.
23. Terelak-Borys B, Skonieczna K, Grabska-Liberek I. Ocular ischemic syndrome - a systematic review[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2012, 18(8): 138-144. DOI: 10.12659/msm.883260.
24. Luo RJ, Liu SR, Li XM, et al. Fifty-eight cases of ocular ischemic diseases caused by carotid artery stenosis[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2010, 123(19): 2662-2665. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.979.
25. Hong IH, Ahn JK, Chang S, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of total homocysteine and C-reactive protein for ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Eye (Lond), 2011, 25(12): 1650-1654. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.232.
26. Vilares-Morgado R, Nunes HMM, Dos Reis RS, et al. Management of ocular arterial ischemic diseases: a review[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2023, 261(1): 1-22. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05747-x.
27. Larrazabal RB, Chiu HHC, Magbitang-Santiago AT. Takayasu arteritis presenting as bilateral ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Vasc Specialist Int, 2020, 36(3): 163-169. DOI: 10.5758/vsi.200031.
28. Papavasileiou E, Sobrin L, Papaliodis GN. Ocular ischemic syndrome presenting as retinal vasculitis in a patient with moyamoya syndrome[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2015, 9(2): 170-172. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000129.
29. Sakai H, Kawata K, Masuoka J, et al. Diagnosis and clinical course of ocular ischemic syndrome with retinal vascular abnormalities due to unilateral ocular artery and internal carotid artery stenosis in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20: 426[2020-10-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33097012/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01670-z.
30. Shortt AJ, Fulcher T, Conroy D. Ocular ischaemic syndrome in thyroid eye disease, confirmed using magnetic resonance angiography[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2003, 87(10): 1302-1303. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.10.1302.
31. Rohowetz LJ, Staropoli P, da Cruz NFS, et al. Ocular ischemic syndrome secondary to cerebral aneurysms[J/OL]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2024, 36: 102214[2024-10-31]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39553911/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2024.102214.
32. Luo J, Yan Z, Jia Y, et al. Clinical analysis of 42 cases of ocular ischemic syndrome[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2018, 2018: 2606147[2018-03-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29713523/. DOI: 10.1155/2018/2606147.
33. Sivalingam A, Brown GC, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome. III. Visual prognosis and the effect of treatment[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 1991, 15(1): 15-20. DOI: 10.1007/BF00150974.
34. Mizener JB, Podhajsky P, Hayreh SS. Ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Ophthalmology, 1997, 104(5): 859-864. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30221-8.
35. Mills RP. Anterior segment ischemia secondary to carotid occlusive disease[J]. J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 1989, 9(3): 200-204.
36. Brown GC, Brown MM, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome and neovascularization[J]. Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol, 1986, 38(1): 302-306.
37. Rapillo CM, Donati MC, Renieri L, et al. Orbital infarction syndrome as a rare complication after mechanical thrombectomy in ischemic stroke[J/OL]. J Neuroophthalmol, 2024, 44(1): e111-e112[2024-03-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35830710/. DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001659.
38. Kang HM, Choi JH, Koh HJ, et al. Significant changes of the choroid in patients with ocular ischemic syndrome and symptomatic carotid artery stenosis[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(10): e0224210[2019-10-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31639146/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224210.
39. Monferrer-Adsuara C, Remolí-Sargues L, Navarro-Palop C, et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography early findings in patients with carotid artery disease[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2025, 35(1): 324-334. DOI: 10.1177/11206721241265388.
40. Dagdelen K, Muz OE. Investigation of macular and optic nerve head structural changes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in internal carotid artery stenosis[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2021, 41(3): 875-882. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01642-8.
41. Pierro L, Arrigo A, De Crescenzo M, et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography detects retinal perfusion changes in carotid artery stenosis[J/OL]. Front Neurosci, 2021, 15: 640666[2021-04-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33967678/. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640666.
42. Lee CW, Cheng HC, Chang FC, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography evaluation of retinal microvasculature before and after carotid angioplasty and stenting[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 14755[2019-10-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31611579/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51382-8.
43. 張咪, 藺雪梅, 劉佩, 等. 頸內動脈狹窄與黃斑區光學相干斷層掃描血管成像微血管特征的相關性研究[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2024, 19(11): 1277-1287. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.004.Zhang M, Lin XM, Liu P, et al. Study on the correlation between internal carotid artery stenosis and microvascular characteristics in macular lutea by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2024, 19(11): 1277-1287. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.004.
44. Lupidi M, Fiore T, Cerquaglia A, et al. Depth-resolved imaging of papillary vitreoretinal neovascularization: OCT-angiography assessment in ocular ischemic syndrome[J/OL]. Retina, 2017, 37: e42-e44[2017-04-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28333756/. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001422.
45. 陳倩, 田國紅. 超聲診斷技術在神經眼科疾病中的應用[J]. 中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志, 2024, 24(5): 373-377. DOI: 10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2024.05.006.Chen Q, Tian GH. Application of ultrasonography in neuro-ophthalmic diseases[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol, 2024, 24(5): 373-377. DOI: 10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2024.05.006.
46. Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, et al. Clinical findings and hemodynamic changes associated with severe occlusive carotid artery disease[J]. Ophthalmology, 1997, 104(12): 1994-2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30066-9.
47. Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, et al. Collateral blood supply through the ophthalmic artery: a steal phenomenon analyzed by color Doppler imaging[J]. Ophthalmology, 1998, 105(4): 689-693. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(98)94025-8.
48. 中華醫學會神經病學分會, 中華醫學會神經病學分會腦血管病學組. 中國頭頸部動脈粥樣硬化診治共識[J]. 中華神經科雜志, 2017, 50(8): 572-578. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2017.08.003.Chinese Society of Neurology, Chinese Stroke Society. Chinese consensus on management of head and neck atherosclerosis[J]. Chin J Neurol, 2017, 50(8): 572-578. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2017.08.003.
49. 郭彤, 張惠蓉. 眼缺血綜合征的臨床特點和頸動脈彩色超聲多普勒圖像特征[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2011, 47(3): 228-234. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2011.03.008.Guo T, Zhang HR. Clinical features and carotid artery color Doppler imaging in patients with ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2011, 47(3): 228-234. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2011.03.008.
50. 中國卒中學會科學聲明專家組. 癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性大動脈狹窄管理規范—中國卒中學會科學聲明[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2017, 27(1): 64-71. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2017.01.014.Chinese Stroke Association Scientific Statement Expert Group. Management of symptomatic intracranial and extracranial atherosclerotic large artery stenosis—Chinese Stroke Association scientific statement[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2017, 27(1): 64-71. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2017.01.014.
51. 中國醫師協會神經介入專業委員會. 慢性頸內動脈閉塞評估及治療中國專家共識[J]. 中國腦血管病雜志, 2024, 21(6): 419-432. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5921.2024.06.009.Chinese Federation of Interventional Clinical Neurosciences. Chinese expert consensus on assessment and treatment of chronic internal carotid artery occlusion[J]. Chin J Cerbrovasc Dis, 2024, 21(6): 419-432. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5921.2024.06.009.
52. Momjian-Mayor I, Baron JC. The pathophysiology of watershed infarction in internal carotid artery disease: review of cerebral perfusion studies[J]. Stroke, 2005, 36(3): 567-577. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000155727.82242.e1.
53. Lin X, Song J, Gao W, et al. Acute ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. QJM, 2017, 110(12): 831-832. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx160.
54. Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2021, 73(8): 1349-1365. DOI: 10.1002/art.41774.
55. Cacoub P, Vieira M, Langford CA, et al. Large-vessel vasculitis[J]. Lancet, 2025, 406(10514): 2017-2032. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01436-9.
56. Skudalski L, Shahriari N, Torre K, et al. Emerging therapeutics in the management of connective tissue disease. Part I. Lupus erythematosus and Sjogren syndrome[J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2022, 87(1): 1-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.067.
57. Suhail S, Tallarita T, Kanzafarova I, et al. Ocular ischemic syndrome and the role of carotid artery revascularization[J]. Ann Vasc Surg, 2024, 105: 165-176. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.12.098.
58. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Ocular arterial occlusive disorders and carotid artery disease[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2017, 1(1): 12-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.003.
59. Neroev VV, Kiseleva TN, Vlasov SK, et al. Visual outcomes after carotid reconstructive surgery for ocular ischemia[J]. Eye (Lond), 2012, 26(10): 1281-1287. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.118.
60. 中華醫學會眼科學分會眼底病學組, 中國醫師協會眼科醫師分會眼底病專業委員會. 中國視網膜靜脈阻塞臨床診療路徑專家共識[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.Fundus Diseases Group in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.
61. 中華醫學會眼科學分會眼底病學組, 中國醫師協會眼科醫師分會眼底病學組. 我國糖尿病視網膜病變臨床診療指南(2022年)[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2023, 39(2): 99-124. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230110-00018.Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in China (2022)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2023, 39(2): 99-124. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230110-00018.
62. 中華醫學會眼科學分會青光眼學組. 中國新生血管性青光眼診療專家共識(2019年)[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.Glaucoma Group, Chinese Society of Ophthalmology. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of neovascular glaucoma (2019)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.
63. 王艷玲. 建立多學科綜合診療模式, 提高眼缺血綜合征診治水平[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2013, 29(3): 233-236. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2013.03.001.Wang YL. Establishement of multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment patterns for ocular ischemic syndrome[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2013, 29(3): 233-236. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2013.03.001.
64. 中國研究型醫院學會, 中國醫師協會神經介入專業委員會, 中國神經科學學會腦血管功能與疾病分會. 顱內動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄診治指南(2025版)[J]. 中華醫學雜志, 2025, 105(29): 2449-2468. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20250401-00785.The Chinese Research Hospital Association, The Neurointerventional Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, The Branch of Cerebrovascular Function & Disease of the Chinese Neuroscience Society. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (2025 edition)[J]. Natl Med J China, 2025, 105(29): 2449-2468. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20250401-00785.
65. 中華醫學會心電生理和起搏分會, 中國醫師協會心律學專業委員會. 中國心房顫動管理指南(2025)[J]. 中華心律失常學雜志, 2025, 29(4): 265-338. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113859-20250716-00102.Chinese Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Chinese Society of Arrhythmias. Chinese guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation (2025)[J]. Chin J Cardiac Arrhyth, 2025, 29(4): 265-338. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113859-20250716-00102.
66. Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis[J]. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2021, 73(8): 1071-1087. DOI: 10.1002/acr.24632.
67. 中華醫學會神經外科學分會. 煙霧病和煙霧綜合征診斷與治療中國專家共識(2024版)[J]. 中華神經外科雜志, 2024, 40(3): 220-229. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112050-20231119-00177.Chinese Society of Neurosurgery. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of moyamoya disease and moyamoya syndrome (2024 edition)[J]. Chin J Neurosurg, 2024, 40(3): 220-229. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112050-20231119-00177.
68. Lu Q, Han X, Liu P, et al. Central retinal artery occlusion caused by radiation-induced carotid stenosis[J]. Acta Neurol Belg, 2024, 124(1): 371-373. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02346-3.
69. Touzé E, Southerland AM, Boulanger M, et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia and its neurologic manifestations: a systematic review[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2019, 76(2): 217-226. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2848.
70. 中華醫學會眼科學分會眼整形眼眶病學組, 中華醫學會內分泌學分會甲狀腺學組. 中國甲狀腺相關眼病診斷和治療指南(2022年)[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2022, 58(9): 646-668. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220421-00201.Oculoplastic and Orbital Disease Group of Chinese Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Thyroid Group of Chinese Society of Endocrinology of Chinese Medical Association. Chinese guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (2022)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2022, 58(9): 646-668. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220421-00201.
71. Jung YH, Ahn SJ, Hong JH, et al. Incidence and clinical features of neovascularization of the iris following acute central retinal artery occlusion[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2016, 30(5): 352-359. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2016.30.5.352.
72. 中國研究型醫院學會神經眼科專業委員會, 陜西省研究型醫院學會神經眼科專業委員會. 中國視網膜中央動脈阻塞臨床診療專家共識[J]. 中國卒中雜志, 2024, 19(11): 1246-1267. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.002.Neuro-Ophthalmology Society of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Neuro-Ophthalmology Society of Shaanxi Research Hospital Association. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment of central retinal artery occlusion in China[J]. Chin J Stroke, 2024, 19(11): 1246-1267. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2024.11.002.
73. Nana P, Spanos K, Antoniou G, et al. The effect of carotid revascularization on the ophthalmic artery flow: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int Angiol, 2021, 40(1): 23-28. DOI: 10.23736/S0392-9590.20.04448-X.
74. Hung JH, Chang YS. Ocular ischemic syndrome[J/OL]. CMAJ, 2017, 189(23): E804[2017-06-12]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28606978/. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160459.
75. 馮雪艷, 牟明春, 陳海婷, 等. 頸動脈支架成形術治療缺血性眼病的療效觀察[J]. 中國實用眼科雜志, 2015, 33(7): 824-827. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2015.07.029.Feng XY, Mu MC, Chen HT, et al. Curative observation of carotid artery stent angioplasty for the treatment of ischemic ophthalmopathy[J]. Chin J Pract Ophthalmol, 2015, 33(7): 824-827. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2015.07.029.
76. 陳倩, 王巖, 馮超逸, 等. 單側頸內動脈狹窄致雙側眼動脈盜血綜合征1例[J]. 中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志, 2020, 20(6): 486-488. DOI: 10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2020.06.018.Chen Q, Wang Y, Feng CY, et al. A case of bilateral ocular ischemic syndrome caused by unilateral internal carotid artery stenosis[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol, 2020, 20(6): 486-488. DOI: 10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2020.06.018.
77. Ma Y, Wang T, Wang H, et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass and risk of stroke and death in patients with symptomatic artery occlusion: the CMOSS randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2023, 330(8): 704-714. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.13390.
78. Kawaguchi S, Sakaki T, Morimoto T, et al. Effects of bypass on ocular ischaemic syndrome caused by reversed flow in the ophthalmic artery[J]. Lancet, 1999, 354(9195): 2052-2053. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03671-5.
79. Yang Y, Zhang H, Yan Y, et al. Clinical study in patients with ocular ischemic diseases treated with enhanced external counterpulsation combined with drugs[J]. Mol Med Rep, 2013, 7(6): 1845-1849. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1445.
80. Keevil H, Phillips BE, England TJ. Remote ischemic conditioning for stroke: a critical systematic review[J]. Int J Stroke, 2024, 19(3): 271-279. DOI: 10.1177/17474930231191082.
81. Avery MB, Magal I, Kherani A, et al. Risk of stroke in patients with ocular arterial occlusive disorders: a retrospective Canadian study[J/OL]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2019, 8(3): e010509[2019-02-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30712440/. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010509.
82. Lin MP, Demirer M, Middlebrooks EH, et al. Greater burden of white matter lesions and silent infarcts ipsilateral to carotid stenosis[J/OL]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2023, 32(9): 107287[2023-07-31]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37531723/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107287.
83. Li J, Wu H, Hang H, et al. Carotid vulnerable plaque coexisting with cerebral small vessel disease and acute ischemic stroke: a Chinese atherosclerosis risk evaluation study[J]. Eur Radiol, 2022, 32(9): 6080-6089. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08757-9.
84. Donners SJA, Willemsen SI, Bennink E, et al. Patients with ocular ischaemic events have greater cerebral white matter hyperintensity volume than asymptomatic patients undergoing carotid revascularisation[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2025, 2025: E1(2025-08-19)[2026-01-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40840793/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2025.08.033. [published online ahead of print].
85. Steinvil A, Sadeh B, Arbel Y, et al. Prevalence and predictors of concomitant carotid and coronary artery atherosclerotic disease[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 57(7): 779-783. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.047.
86. Sivalingam A, Brown GC, Magargal LE, et al. The ocular ischemic syndrome. II. mortality and systemic morbidity[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 1989, 13(3): 187-191. DOI: 10.1007/BF02028208.
87. Liu C, Yang X, Ji M, et al. Sex-specific association between carotid atherosclerosis and fundus arteriosclerosis in a Chinese population: a retrospective cross-sectional study[J/OL]. Eur J Med Res, 2023, 28(1): 518[2023-11-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37968750/. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01508-6.

Next Article
Application and effect of centralized management in one-stop intravitreal injection center

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Expert consensus on the clinical diagnosis and management of ocular ischemic syndrome in China

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Next Article

Format

Content